Far East Journal of Psychology and Business http://www.fareastjournals.com Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Psychology and Business 2219-5440 amp;#169; 2011 Far East Research Centre director@fareastjournals.com http://www.fareastjournals.com/titlepic/vol1no1d2010.jpg http://www.fareastjournals.com/journal_detail.aspx?jid=18 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=4 <>SCHEMATIZING TALENT MANAGEMENT, A CORE BUSINESS ISSUE
Schehar Bano, Muhamamd Aslam Khan, Qazi Habib Ur Rehman, Asad Afzal Humayoun
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 04 - 16

The Present paper aims to integrate research on talent management with employee attitudinal outcomes and organizational effectiveness. It will play a distinctive role in conceptualizing talent management endeavors and their impacts on employee work engagement, turnover avoidance, and value addition. The paper is based on a thorough literature review focusing on concept of talent management, employee work engagement, turnover avoidance, and value addition. The literature review was conducted by carefully studying research articles published in renowned journals. Talent management and allied variables were thoroughly discussed in these articles. In light of fifty five research articles and book chapters, we accomplish the process of canvassing and synthesizing the core ideas that collimates into talent management.

]]> The Present paper aims to integrate research on talent management with employee attitudinal outcomes and organizational effectiveness. It will play a distinctive role in conceptualizing talent management endeavors and their impacts on employee work engagement, turnover avoidance, and value addition. The paper is based on a thorough literature review focusing on concept of talent management, employee work engagement, turnover avoidance, and value addition. The literature review was conducted by carefully studying research articles published in renowned journals. Talent management and allied variables were thoroughly discussed in these articles. In light of fifty five research articles and book chapters, we accomplish the process of canvassing and synthesizing the core ideas that collimates into talent management. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 04 - 16 Schehar Bano, Muhamamd Aslam Khan, Qazi Habib Ur Rehman, Asad Afzal Humayoun Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Talent Management A Core Business Issue 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,January-2011 1 4 16 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=4 MANAGING COMPANIES FINANCIAL AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM NON-MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
Noor Fadzlina Mohd Fadhil, Noor Fikri Mohd Fadhil
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 17 - 36

Small and Medium Enterprises SME have been very important in many countries including Malaysia because of its role for the countries economic growth. This paper explores the level of awareness towards the importance of financial management from the preparation of accounting reports and its information usage in the business. The research focuses on small non-manufacturing companies because very few studies have been conducted in this area. Besides, the findings will help to reveal some of the key points that can contribute to the decision-making and growth especially in the context of small companies. The research is conducted on a case study manner, which is to concentrate more and consider a situation that is similar to the previous research done. The situation considered is among small non-manufacturing companies, which can provide useful tool to study the financial management and the usage of accounting information in the companies. In addition, the level of awareness on the importance of using information technology IT in managing companies financial also has been identified.

]]> Small and Medium Enterprises SME have been very important in many countries including Malaysia because of its role for the countries economic growth. This paper explores the level of awareness towards the importance of financial management from the preparation of accounting reports and its information usage in the business. The research focuses on small non-manufacturing companies because very few studies have been conducted in this area. Besides, the findings will help to reveal some of the key points that can contribute to the decision-making and growth especially in the context of small companies. The research is conducted on a case study manner, which is to concentrate more and consider a situation that is similar to the previous research done. The situation considered is among small non-manufacturing companies, which can provide useful tool to study the financial management and the usage of accounting information in the companies. In addition, the level of awareness on the importance of using information technology IT in managing companies financial also has been identified. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 17 - 36 Noor Fadzlina Mohd Fadhil, Noor Fikri Mohd Fadhil Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Managing Companies Financial Non-Manufacturing Companies 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,January-2011 1 17 36 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=4 ORANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: A CASE STUDY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhamamd Mudassar Ghafoor, Salman Ghafoor
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 37 - 48

Composition of people which formulate independent business identity for some specific purpose is commonly known as organization and getting desired outcome within defined resources is treated as effectiveness. This paper provides an impact of employees performance and employees motivation toward organizational effectiveness. We will examine to what extent the role of employees performance, their motivation and the environment of organization influence organizational effectiveness particularly in telecommunication and banking sector. The study was conducted in four cities of Pakistan: Islamabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, and Faisalabad. Sample size consists upon 103 respondents, who filled the questionnaire. The purpose of the study was causal and researcher interference was minimal. Unit of analysis was individuals and dyads. Study setting was non-contrived and time horizon was cross-sectional. The validity of data was authenticated. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant relationship among all these factors i.e. employees performance and motivation toward organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased employees performance accelerate organizational effectiveness. As employees get self motivation, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover this study indicates that the effective organizational environment promotes the effectiveness of the organization. It will discuss the theoretical, managerial implications and dimensions of organizational effectiveness.

]]> Composition of people which formulate independent business identity for some specific purpose is commonly known as organization and getting desired outcome within defined resources is treated as effectiveness. This paper provides an impact of employees performance and employees motivation toward organizational effectiveness. We will examine to what extent the role of employees performance, their motivation and the environment of organization influence organizational effectiveness particularly in telecommunication and banking sector. The study was conducted in four cities of Pakistan: Islamabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, and Faisalabad. Sample size consists upon 103 respondents, who filled the questionnaire. The purpose of the study was causal and researcher interference was minimal. Unit of analysis was individuals and dyads. Study setting was non-contrived and time horizon was cross-sectional. The validity of data was authenticated. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant relationship among all these factors i.e. employees performance and motivation toward organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased employees performance accelerate organizational effectiveness. As employees get self motivation, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover this study indicates that the effective organizational environment promotes the effectiveness of the organization. It will discuss the theoretical, managerial implications and dimensions of organizational effectiveness. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 37 - 48 Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhammad Mudasar Ghafoor, Salman Naseer Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Banking Sector Organizational Effectiveness Telecommunication 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,January-2011 1 37 48 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=4 JOB BURNOUT: AN OUTCOME OF ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS IN BANKING SECTOR
K. R. Sowmya, N. Panchanatham
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 49 - 58

Extensive literature review on organizational politics reveals that Job Burnout, Job anxiety, Turnover Intention and Absenteeism are its inevitable outcomes. The purpose of this article is to study about Job burnout as an important outcome of organizational politics among Banking Sector employees of Chennai. Job burnout is considered an outcome of organizational politics due to the influence of various independent variables like job attitude, job involvement etc on the same. The researcher has made an attempt to study about Job Burnout as an outcome of organizational politics, in order to give suggestions to the banking sector about the causes for the same in the organization. T-test has been done to find out the major reason contributing to Job Burnout in an organization and the results have been discussed.

]]> Extensive literature review on organizational politics reveals that Job Burnout, Job anxiety, Turnover Intention and Absenteeism are its inevitable outcomes. The purpose of this article is to study about Job burnout as an important outcome of organizational politics among Banking Sector employees of Chennai. Job burnout is considered an outcome of organizational politics due to the influence of various independent variables like job attitude, job involvement etc on the same. The researcher has made an attempt to study about Job Burnout as an outcome of organizational politics, in order to give suggestions to the banking sector about the causes for the same in the organization. T-test has been done to find out the major reason contributing to Job Burnout in an organization and the results have been discussed. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 49 - 58 K. R. Sowmya, N. Panchanatham Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Job Burnout Organizational Politics Banking Sector 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,January-2011 1 49 58 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=4 KNOWLEDGE ASSETS AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PHENOMENA IN MECICAN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN GUADALAJAR, JALISCO
Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez, Mohammad Reza Noruzi
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 59 - 66

The challenges posed by a highly competitive new Century propose a model of nation - state based on giving priority to the pursuit of the knowledge managements advantage. This advantage is being pursuit not only by private firms, but also within government institutions. In recent years, the Mexican public sector has undergone profound changes in its administrative structure, in an effort of designing and developing systems to promote more effective public service. In order to achieve results, the public sector must begin with the implementation of a knowledge managements model centered around employees becoming the key assets involved on the design and implementation of new procedures, assisting to the generation of social responsibility and continuous development based on experiences of citizenship.

]]> The challenges posed by a highly competitive new Century propose a model of nation - state based on giving priority to the pursuit of the knowledge managements advantage. This advantage is being pursuit not only by private firms, but also within government institutions. In recent years, the Mexican public sector has undergone profound changes in its administrative structure, in an effort of designing and developing systems to promote more effective public service. In order to achieve results, the public sector must begin with the implementation of a knowledge managements model centered around employees becoming the key assets involved on the design and implementation of new procedures, assisting to the generation of social responsibility and continuous development based on experiences of citizenship. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 1 (2011) pp 59 - 66 Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez, Mohammad Reza Noruzi Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Knowledge Assets Knowledge Management 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,January-2011 1 59 66 2011-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 Changing Structure of Indian Textiles Industry after MFA (Multi Fiber Agreement) Phase out: A Global Perspective
Dr. Asiya Chaudhary
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 01 - 23

Indian textile enjoys a rich heritage and the origin of textiles in India traces back to the Indus valley Civilization where people used homespun cotton for weaving their clothes. If we talk about the Indian Textiles Industry in the present era, it is one of the leading industries in the world. The WTO has played an important role in the growth and development of the textiles industry at global level. Various steps have been taken to uplift the sector. In the year 1995, WTO had renewed its MFA and adopted Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) which stated that all quotas on textiles and clothing shall be removed among the WTO member countries by 2005. The MFA phased out and the textiles trade got integrated in to GATT provisions by 2005. The world Tamp;C export had grown from US$ 272.43 billion in 1994 to US$ 530 bn in 2006, registering almost a two-fold rise. World textile and clothing trade rose by 9.7% to US$530 bn in 2006, by 10.6% to US$583 bn in 2007. As expected, the implementation of ATC had brought about structural changes in the international trade arena on textiles amp; clothing. In the years, during the post-quota period, India has emerged as a major sourcing destination for new buyers. As a measure of growing interest in the Indian textile and clothing sector a number of buyers have opened their sourcing/ liaison office in India. The paper focuses on the changes in the Textiles exports of different countries after the MFA (Multi Fiber Agreement). Special focus is on the Indian Textiles Industry and its position in the world in terms of textiles and clothing exports. The paper explores the changes in the exports and profits of the Indian textiles exporters. Further it investigates the role of FDI in the industry and what Indian Government is doing for the promotion of the industry.

]]> Indian textile enjoys a rich heritage and the origin of textiles in India traces back to the Indus valley Civilization where people used homespun cotton for weaving their clothes. If we talk about the Indian Textiles Industry in the present era, it is one of the leading industries in the world. The WTO has played an important role in the growth and development of the textiles industry at global level. Various steps have been taken to uplift the sector. In the year 1995, WTO had renewed its MFA and adopted Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) which stated that all quotas on textiles and clothing shall be removed among the WTO member countries by 2005. The MFA phased out and the textiles trade got integrated in to GATT provisions by 2005. The world Tamp;C export had grown from US$ 272.43 billion in 1994 to US$ 530 bn in 2006, registering almost a two-fold rise. World textile and clothing trade rose by 9.7% to US$530 bn in 2006, by 10.6% to US$583 bn in 2007. As expected, the implementation of ATC had brought about structural changes in the international trade arena on textiles amp; clothing. In the years, during the post-quota period, India has emerged as a major sourcing destination for new buyers. As a measure of growing interest in the Indian textile and clothing sector a number of buyers have opened their sourcing/ liaison office in India. The paper focuses on the changes in the Textiles exports of different countries after the MFA (Multi Fiber Agreement). Special focus is on the Indian Textiles Industry and its position in the world in terms of textiles and clothing exports. The paper explores the changes in the exports and profits of the Indian textiles exporters. Further it investigates the role of FDI in the industry and what Indian Government is doing for the promotion of the industry. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 01 - 23 Dr. Asiya Chaudhary Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Changing Structure of Indian Textiles MFA Phase Out 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 01 23 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 Commercial High School Students Conceptual Structures of Accounting
Mustafa AY
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 24 - 36

The purpose of this study was to investigate commercial high school students’ conceptual structures of accounting. Data was collected from 132 students using a free word association test in Turkey. The results of this research revealed the conceptual structures of accounting of the participant students with various dimensions. Eight different categories were formed with the participant students’ response words about accounting. These categories were: tools used in accounting, the accounting profession and education, accounting results, accounts, the accounting environment, the professional ethics of accounting, the technicality of accounting and, mathematical operations. The category with the highest frequency was tools used in accounting whereas the category with the lowest frequency was mathemetical operations. It was observed when the categories formed were analyzed that, accounting students’ conceptual structures of accounting were on various dimensions and at an adequate level. These results were compared with the related literature and recommendations were developed.

]]> The purpose of this study was to investigate commercial high school students’ conceptual structures of accounting. Data was collected from 132 students using a free word association test in Turkey. The results of this research revealed the conceptual structures of accounting of the participant students with various dimensions. Eight different categories were formed with the participant students’ response words about accounting. These categories were: tools used in accounting, the accounting profession and education, accounting results, accounts, the accounting environment, the professional ethics of accounting, the technicality of accounting and, mathematical operations. The category with the highest frequency was tools used in accounting whereas the category with the lowest frequency was mathemetical operations. It was observed when the categories formed were analyzed that, accounting students’ conceptual structures of accounting were on various dimensions and at an adequate level. These results were compared with the related literature and recommendations were developed. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 24 - 36 Mustafa AY Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Commercial High School Students Conceptual Structures of Accounting 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 24 36 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 Women Empowerment in Oman: A study based on Women Empowerment Index
Dr.Thresiamma Varghese
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 37 - 53

Womens empowerment is “a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their own self-reliance, to assert their independent right to make choices and to control resources which will assist in challenging and eliminating their own subordination" (Keller and Mbwewe, 1991).Empowering women is one of the most crucial concerns of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. One of the national priorities and goals of the Human Resource Development Strategic Plan outlined by the Social Sector of the Ministry of Economic Development in Sultanate of Oman includes the vision of the development of women, upgrading the status of women and facilitating their integration into the total social development. The key objective of this research article is to measure the women empowerment in Oman by identifying the household decision making ability of women, to assess the economic decision making capability of women and evaluate the freedom of mobility of women for giving recommendation and suggestions to boost women empowerment in Oman. We have taken a sample of 150 women in Sohar region, Sultanate of Oman, with a structured questionnaire. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) is the main tool for data analysis and we used regression model and frequency tables. For quantitative analysis, we have taken by selecting five main variables as independent variables and total women empowerment as dependent variable. We have done a hypothesis testing by taking five hypotheses out of that four have accepted and one rejected. In qualitative analysis we have framed total women empowerment index that shows that women in Sohar are good decision makers. Another finding is that women in Oman are better in household decision making and economic decision making than social empowerment. We have also taken perception analysis via addressed different issues in legal and political side. The result shows that majority of women in Sohar region are aware about their rights and duties. Finally the study has given certain recommendations to further improve the empowerment of women in Sohar region.

]]> Womens empowerment is “a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their own self-reliance, to assert their independent right to make choices and to control resources which will assist in challenging and eliminating their own subordination" (Keller and Mbwewe, 1991).Empowering women is one of the most crucial concerns of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. One of the national priorities and goals of the Human Resource Development Strategic Plan outlined by the Social Sector of the Ministry of Economic Development in Sultanate of Oman includes the vision of the development of women, upgrading the status of women and facilitating their integration into the total social development. The key objective of this research article is to measure the women empowerment in Oman by identifying the household decision making ability of women, to assess the economic decision making capability of women and evaluate the freedom of mobility of women for giving recommendation and suggestions to boost women empowerment in Oman. We have taken a sample of 150 women in Sohar region, Sultanate of Oman, with a structured questionnaire. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) is the main tool for data analysis and we used regression model and frequency tables. For quantitative analysis, we have taken by selecting five main variables as independent variables and total women empowerment as dependent variable. We have done a hypothesis testing by taking five hypotheses out of that four have accepted and one rejected. In qualitative analysis we have framed total women empowerment index that shows that women in Sohar are good decision makers. Another finding is that women in Oman are better in household decision making and economic decision making than social empowerment. We have also taken perception analysis via addressed different issues in legal and political side. The result shows that majority of women in Sohar region are aware about their rights and duties. Finally the study has given certain recommendations to further improve the empowerment of women in Sohar region. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 37 - 53 Dr.Thresiamma Varghese Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Women Empowerment in Oman 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 37 53 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 Efficiency and Performance of Islamic Banking: The Case of Pakistan
Dr. Waheed Akhter, Ali Raza, Orangzab, Muhammad Akram
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 54 - 70

The purpose of this study is to analyze to efficiency and performance of Islamic Bank as compare to two types of conventional banks i.e public and private sector banks in the case of Pakistan. The literature review shows that no such type of method has been used for Islamic Banking in Pakistan before this study. Therefore this study is being conducted first time in Pakistan. It will give clear understanding of the efficiency and performance of Islamic banking to decision makers. The nine financial ratios are used under (i) profitability (ii) Liquidity Risk and (iii) Credit Risk to measure the efficiency and performance. These ratios are applied on financial statements of these Islamic and conventional banks. The financial statements are used for the financial year 2006-2010. Trend analysis tool is also used to check the trends of balance sheet and income statement. The purpose of this study is to get results of efficiency and performance of interest free banking banking. The findings of this study will reflect the true picture of the Islamic Banking which will be helpful for policy makers. The study concludes that no significant difference is observed in interest free and interest based banking in respect of profitability. While this paper discovers the divergence in liquidity and credit performance. The trend analysis reveals the good trend of balance sheet of Islamic bank while in income statements there is no meaningful difference. The results of this study might be beneficial for the existing Islamic Bankers to enable them to enhance their performance.

]]> The purpose of this study is to analyze to efficiency and performance of Islamic Bank as compare to two types of conventional banks i.e public and private sector banks in the case of Pakistan. The literature review shows that no such type of method has been used for Islamic Banking in Pakistan before this study. Therefore this study is being conducted first time in Pakistan. It will give clear understanding of the efficiency and performance of Islamic banking to decision makers. The nine financial ratios are used under (i) profitability (ii) Liquidity Risk and (iii) Credit Risk to measure the efficiency and performance. These ratios are applied on financial statements of these Islamic and conventional banks. The financial statements are used for the financial year 2006-2010. Trend analysis tool is also used to check the trends of balance sheet and income statement. The purpose of this study is to get results of efficiency and performance of interest free banking banking. The findings of this study will reflect the true picture of the Islamic Banking which will be helpful for policy makers. The study concludes that no significant difference is observed in interest free and interest based banking in respect of profitability. While this paper discovers the divergence in liquidity and credit performance. The trend analysis reveals the good trend of balance sheet of Islamic bank while in income statements there is no meaningful difference. The results of this study might be beneficial for the existing Islamic Bankers to enable them to enhance their performance. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 54 - 70 Dr. Waheed Akhter, Ali Raza, Orangzab, Muhammad Akram Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Efficiency and Performance of Islamic Banking The Case Of Pakistan 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 54 70 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 A Study on Consumer Switching Behaviour in Cellular Service Provider: A Study with reference to Chennai
M.Sathish, K.Santhosh Kumar, K.J.Naveen, V.Jeevanantham
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 71 - 81

Indian mobile market is one of the fastest growing markets and is forecasted to reach 868.47 million users by 2013. India has seen rapid increase in the number of players which caused the tariff rates to hit an all time low. This allowed the players to target the low income population thereby increasing the market share. The availability of a number of subscriber options for consumers and varied tariff rates of each player, lead the consumers to switch between service providers. The objectives of the study are to find the factors that influence the consumers in switching the service provider and to delve into finding out the likeliness of switching the service provider. The type of research used for this study is descriptive research design. The area covered under this study was Chennai due to availability of well mixed population base in Tamil Nadu. A well structured questionnaire was designed and administered to collect samples across Chennai. Due to high population and need for variety of respondents, Cluster Sampling method was chosen. The sample size was 112. The variables considered for the study are Consumer demographics, Consumer satisfaction with existing service provider, Factors influencing the switching behaviour and factors that affect the switching behaviour of consumers and these were grouped into 4 categories namely customer service, service problems, usage cost and others. The results from the study reveal that call rates plays the most important role in switching the service provider followed by network coverage, value added service and customer care while advertisement plays the least important role. It is found that there is a relation between switching the service provider and the factors (customer service, service problem, usage cost, etc.). After analysing the findings of the study, we propose that the mobile providers concentrate on increasing network stability and setting tariff rates competitively.

]]> Indian mobile market is one of the fastest growing markets and is forecasted to reach 868.47 million users by 2013. India has seen rapid increase in the number of players which caused the tariff rates to hit an all time low. This allowed the players to target the low income population thereby increasing the market share. The availability of a number of subscriber options for consumers and varied tariff rates of each player, lead the consumers to switch between service providers. The objectives of the study are to find the factors that influence the consumers in switching the service provider and to delve into finding out the likeliness of switching the service provider. The type of research used for this study is descriptive research design. The area covered under this study was Chennai due to availability of well mixed population base in Tamil Nadu. A well structured questionnaire was designed and administered to collect samples across Chennai. Due to high population and need for variety of respondents, Cluster Sampling method was chosen. The sample size was 112. The variables considered for the study are Consumer demographics, Consumer satisfaction with existing service provider, Factors influencing the switching behaviour and factors that affect the switching behaviour of consumers and these were grouped into 4 categories namely customer service, service problems, usage cost and others. The results from the study reveal that call rates plays the most important role in switching the service provider followed by network coverage, value added service and customer care while advertisement plays the least important role. It is found that there is a relation between switching the service provider and the factors (customer service, service problem, usage cost, etc.). After analysing the findings of the study, we propose that the mobile providers concentrate on increasing network stability and setting tariff rates competitively. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 71 - 81 M.Sathish, K.Santhosh Kumar, K.J.Naveen, V.Jeevanantham Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Consumer Switching Behaviour Cellular Service Provider 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 71 81 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=5 Kinesics Pattern Study of Dyads in Interactions and Its Implications
K. Sri Gayathridevi, Dr. D. Sudharani Ravindran
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 82 - 88

Nonverbal Communication plays an important role in communicating varied meanings as cues to the receiver. It is the basic and primitive form of conveying information from one person to another. It regulates relationships by supporting or by replacing verbal communication. Of all, the facial expressions are the major senders of nonverbal cues. The expression in the eyes, the eye gaze, and aversion conveys both positive and negative messages of friendliness, intimacy, honesty, credibility and much more. Physical appearance of a person makes an obvious impression about the personality and the behavior of the individual. Smile, a part of facial expression, show enjoyment, and can be used as a channel for feedback also. Apart from these clues, eyebrow and mouth gestures, hand and leg movements also convey significant meaning in social interaction. More over, studies show that women are better communicators than men. This conceptual paper discusses the kinesics pattern of dyads during social interaction.

]]> Nonverbal Communication plays an important role in communicating varied meanings as cues to the receiver. It is the basic and primitive form of conveying information from one person to another. It regulates relationships by supporting or by replacing verbal communication. Of all, the facial expressions are the major senders of nonverbal cues. The expression in the eyes, the eye gaze, and aversion conveys both positive and negative messages of friendliness, intimacy, honesty, credibility and much more. Physical appearance of a person makes an obvious impression about the personality and the behavior of the individual. Smile, a part of facial expression, show enjoyment, and can be used as a channel for feedback also. Apart from these clues, eyebrow and mouth gestures, hand and leg movements also convey significant meaning in social interaction. More over, studies show that women are better communicators than men. This conceptual paper discusses the kinesics pattern of dyads during social interaction. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 2 February (2011) pp 82 - 88 K. Sri Gayathridevi, Dr. D. Sudharani Ravindran Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Kinesics Pattern Study of Dyads 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,February-2011 2 82 88 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=6 Using fuzzy models to migrate from customer relationship management (CRM) to customer experience management (CEM)
Dr. Anna Maria Gil-Lafuente, Carolina Luis-Bassa
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March(2011) pp 01 - 22

Relationship Marketing has made rapid progress during the last ten years. Since the development of the customer-centric model, reinforced by the emergence of CRM (Customer Relationship Management) strategies, companies have focused on finding models and tools that allow them to get to know better their clients. The management of customer relationship with the company has evolved from seeking the customer satisfaction to seek customer loyalty, and later on to create a ―brand advocate consumer fully identified with the company. Hence the idea of creating the customer experience with the company and its subsequent management knowing like CEM (Customer Experience Management). To create a CEM strategy, one issue that companies need to know about their customers is how to determine the preferences they have, and on how to be treated them throughout the relationship. People have sensitivities, apprehension and doubts when dealing a business decision and these aspects are not related to the traditional segmentation. The objective of this paper is to develop a frame by using the fuzzy tool called Theory of Affinities to allow companies to identify common aspects of their client‘s personal expectations, and thus improve the service strategy.

]]> Relationship Marketing has made rapid progress during the last ten years. Since the development of the customer-centric model, reinforced by the emergence of CRM (Customer Relationship Management) strategies, companies have focused on finding models and tools that allow them to get to know better their clients. The management of customer relationship with the company has evolved from seeking the customer satisfaction to seek customer loyalty, and later on to create a ―brand advocate consumer fully identified with the company. Hence the idea of creating the customer experience with the company and its subsequent management knowing like CEM (Customer Experience Management). To create a CEM strategy, one issue that companies need to know about their customers is how to determine the preferences they have, and on how to be treated them throughout the relationship. People have sensitivities, apprehension and doubts when dealing a business decision and these aspects are not related to the traditional segmentation. The objective of this paper is to develop a frame by using the fuzzy tool called Theory of Affinities to allow companies to identify common aspects of their client‘s personal expectations, and thus improve the service strategy. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 01 - 22 Dr. Anna Maria Gil-Lafuente, Carolina Luis-Bassa Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Customer Relationship Management CRM 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,March-2011 3 01 22 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=6 Lucky or Unlucky people: Layoff Survivors
Muhammad Imran Malik, Dr. Mehboob Ahmad
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 23 - 35

Perceived workloads after downsizing eradicate the commitment and productivity among layoff survivors. Up to some extent provision of work - life balance opportunities can save the situation. The current study is carried out among layoff survivors of the two giant organizations in Pakistan. A cross - sectional study based on a stratified random sample of 450 survivors assisted to test the relationship. In the first step the relationship of perceived work load increase (WLI), commitment of layoff survivors towards their organizations (OC) and productivity (EP) is examined to know whether layoff survivors are lucky or unlucky in terms of the effects perceived workload and commitment have on their productivity. Later on work - life balance (WLB) was added to examine its moderating effect to the model. The results of Pearson’s correlation and linear multiple regression confirm that the perceived workloads are dangerous to commitment and productivity of layoff survivors. Where as, the provision of work - life balance opportunities help in moderating the situation. Independent sample t - test shows the differences in the two organizations. Results are discussed in the light of literature and implications are suggested.

]]> Perceived workloads after downsizing eradicate the commitment and productivity among layoff survivors. Up to some extent provision of work - life balance opportunities can save the situation. The current study is carried out among layoff survivors of the two giant organizations in Pakistan. A cross - sectional study based on a stratified random sample of 450 survivors assisted to test the relationship. In the first step the relationship of perceived work load increase (WLI), commitment of layoff survivors towards their organizations (OC) and productivity (EP) is examined to know whether layoff survivors are lucky or unlucky in terms of the effects perceived workload and commitment have on their productivity. Later on work - life balance (WLB) was added to examine its moderating effect to the model. The results of Pearson’s correlation and linear multiple regression confirm that the perceived workloads are dangerous to commitment and productivity of layoff survivors. Where as, the provision of work - life balance opportunities help in moderating the situation. Independent sample t - test shows the differences in the two organizations. Results are discussed in the light of literature and implications are suggested. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 23 - 35 Muhammad Imran Malik, Dr. Mehboob Ahmad Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Perceived workload work - life balance 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,March-2011 3 23 35 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=6 Research on the Comparison between Traditional Industry and Ecological Industry
Prof. Dr. Jingfu Guo, Li Cai
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 36 - 42

Traditional linear industry is a short-sighted unsustainable development mode of the economy. It brings pressure to ecology environment, depletion of resources and pollution. Ecological industry is to realize the harmonious development between economy and environment by planning industrial systems according to material cycle in the natural ecological system. The Eco-industry coordinates discrete enterprises and industries and integrates them into optimized industrial ecology chains which establish the “resources-products-renewable resources” of the circular economy mode. This paper conducts comprehensive comparison between traditional industry and eco-industry in 10 areas, such as guiding ideology, resource utilizing, environment preservation etc. Industrial ecology is operating and managing traditional industries based on the principles of ecological economics, the core essence of the eco-industrial system is the layer of material circulation and delivery of energy use, it is a new, sustainable economic developing model.

]]> Traditional linear industry is a short-sighted unsustainable development mode of the economy. It brings pressure to ecology environment, depletion of resources and pollution. Ecological industry is to realize the harmonious development between economy and environment by planning industrial systems according to material cycle in the natural ecological system. The Eco-industry coordinates discrete enterprises and industries and integrates them into optimized industrial ecology chains which establish the “resources-products-renewable resources” of the circular economy mode. This paper conducts comprehensive comparison between traditional industry and eco-industry in 10 areas, such as guiding ideology, resource utilizing, environment preservation etc. Industrial ecology is operating and managing traditional industries based on the principles of ecological economics, the core essence of the eco-industrial system is the layer of material circulation and delivery of energy use, it is a new, sustainable economic developing model. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 36 - 42 Prof. Dr. Jingfu Guo, Li Cai Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Ecological industry Environment pollution 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,March-2011 3 36 42 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=6 Salesforce Competence Development and Marketing Performance of Industrial and Domestic Products Firms in Nigeria
Asiegbu Ikechukwu Francis, Awa H. Okorie, Akpotu Christopher, Ogbonna U. Benson
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 43 - 59

Many organizations, including industrial and domestic products firms, no doubt, experience sub-optimal or even poor marketing performance. With the notion that sales force performance positively correlates with marketing performance, organizations view salesforce ineffectiveness and incompetence with grave seriousness and concern. The effect of poor sales force performance is not limited to firms alone but also to the economy by extension. This study surveyed the effects of sales force competence development (SFCD) on such marketing performance metrics as sales growth, sales volume and profitability. A total of 144 copies of questionnaire were administered among Senior Sales Managers, Marketing Managers and Marketing Executives, in the frame of 4 each, of 36 firms drawn randomly from 40 industrial and domestic products firms registered with MAN as at the time of the survey. Analyzing the data using descriptive tables, SPSS Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the interaction between SFCD variables and marketing performance metrics surveyed was found to be statistically significant. The variables of SCFD significantly affect sales growth, sales volume and profitability but mentoring exhibits the most significant effects. Therefore, organizations are advised to be strategic and creative in packaging SFCD programmes to ensure they relate positively with marketing performance metrics.

]]> Many organizations, including industrial and domestic products firms, no doubt, experience sub-optimal or even poor marketing performance. With the notion that sales force performance positively correlates with marketing performance, organizations view salesforce ineffectiveness and incompetence with grave seriousness and concern. The effect of poor sales force performance is not limited to firms alone but also to the economy by extension. This study surveyed the effects of sales force competence development (SFCD) on such marketing performance metrics as sales growth, sales volume and profitability. A total of 144 copies of questionnaire were administered among Senior Sales Managers, Marketing Managers and Marketing Executives, in the frame of 4 each, of 36 firms drawn randomly from 40 industrial and domestic products firms registered with MAN as at the time of the survey. Analyzing the data using descriptive tables, SPSS Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the interaction between SFCD variables and marketing performance metrics surveyed was found to be statistically significant. The variables of SCFD significantly affect sales growth, sales volume and profitability but mentoring exhibits the most significant effects. Therefore, organizations are advised to be strategic and creative in packaging SFCD programmes to ensure they relate positively with marketing performance metrics. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 43 - 59 Asiegbu Ikechukwu Francis, Awa H. Okorie, Akpotu Christopher, Ogbonna U. Benson Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Salesforce competence development marketing performance 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,March-2011 3 43 59 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=6 The potential impact of coal on electricity generation and economic growth of Pakistan
Samreen Akhtar, Dr Khalid Mugal, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 60 - 71

This paper is a review of generating electricity from Thar coal and analysis effective usage reserves of coal in Pakistan. The country had faced enormous crises from 1947 to till today. According to the (EIA), the coal was inexpensive and primary source of energy. With economic growth the demand of electricity has exceeded the supply by 6000MW in 2010 causing load shedding in 2011.this has slowed down the economic growth. Thar coal can alone produce 5000MW electricity for the next 800 years. It is found that coal is an efficient estimator than other energy resources. The effects of energy generation through coal elements like hydro, nuclear, oil, gas were selected and its impact on economic growth has been evaluated in the study. The secondary data in this paper has been taken and results analyzed according. Coal and energy resources are independent variables besides electricity is dependent variable. The method of least square is used on the basis of 13observations.

]]> This paper is a review of generating electricity from Thar coal and analysis effective usage reserves of coal in Pakistan. The country had faced enormous crises from 1947 to till today. According to the (EIA), the coal was inexpensive and primary source of energy. With economic growth the demand of electricity has exceeded the supply by 6000MW in 2010 causing load shedding in 2011.this has slowed down the economic growth. Thar coal can alone produce 5000MW electricity for the next 800 years. It is found that coal is an efficient estimator than other energy resources. The effects of energy generation through coal elements like hydro, nuclear, oil, gas were selected and its impact on economic growth has been evaluated in the study. The secondary data in this paper has been taken and results analyzed according. Coal and energy resources are independent variables besides electricity is dependent variable. The method of least square is used on the basis of 13observations. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 2 No 3 March (2011) pp 60 - 71 Samreen Akhtar, Dr Khalid Mugal, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Coal hydro Oil Gas 2011-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 2,March-2011 2 60 71 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=7 Business Ethics Perceptions of Public and Private Sector Respondents in Pakistan
Dr. Bahaudin G. Mujtaba, Prof. Dr. Talat Afzal
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 1 - 11

Pakistan is a developing economy and it has been a country in the forefront of ethical crossroads in today‟s challenging workplace. This research surveyed 232 citizens, managers, and employees in Pakistan to measure their Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) to see if age, gender, education, management experience, and government work experience makes a difference in making more ethical decisions. This study contributes to the theory of moral development. The results suggest that age and more years of management experience do lead to higher scores in moral maturity, but the results are not statistically significant. Gender is not a factor in the ethical maturity scores. Higher levels of education did not lead to higher scores. However, statistically significant differences were found for respondents with little or no government experience and those with two or more years of government work experience. Unexpectedly, those without any government work experience had significantly higher ethical maturity scores. Kohlberg‟s moral development theory regarding ethical maturity is partially supported since those who were older and with more years of management experience do have higher business ethics scores.

]]> Pakistan is a developing economy and it has been a country in the forefront of ethical crossroads in today‟s challenging workplace. This research surveyed 232 citizens, managers, and employees in Pakistan to measure their Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) to see if age, gender, education, management experience, and government work experience makes a difference in making more ethical decisions. This study contributes to the theory of moral development. The results suggest that age and more years of management experience do lead to higher scores in moral maturity, but the results are not statistically significant. Gender is not a factor in the ethical maturity scores. Higher levels of education did not lead to higher scores. However, statistically significant differences were found for respondents with little or no government experience and those with two or more years of government work experience. Unexpectedly, those without any government work experience had significantly higher ethical maturity scores. Kohlberg‟s moral development theory regarding ethical maturity is partially supported since those who were older and with more years of management experience do have higher business ethics scores. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 1 - 11 Dr. Bahaudin G. Mujtaba, Prof. Dr. Talat Afza Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Business ethics ethical maturity 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,April-2011 3 1 11 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=7 A Theoretical Analysis of Capital Formation and Growth in Nigeria
Bakare A.S
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 11 - 24

Our focus in this study is capital formation and growth. The study applied Harrod –Domar model to Nigerian growth model and tested if it can work in Nigeria. The ordinary least square multiple regression analytical method was used to examine the relationship between capital formation and economic growth. The study tested the stationarity and co integration of Nigeria’s time series data and used an error correction mechanism to determine the long-run relationship among the variables examined. The paper reviewed the literature and found that Harrod-Domar model has scarcely been used to test the relationship between capital formation and economic growth. The empirical study found that the data were stationary and co integrated and showed that there is a significant relationship between capital formation and economic growth in Nigeria. The results supported the Harrod-Domar model which proved that the growth rate of national income will directly or positively be related to saving ratio and capital formation (i.e. the more an economy is able to save-and invest-out of given GNP, the greater will be the growth of that GDP). The econometric results suggested the need for the government to continue to encourage savings, create conducive investment climate and improve the infrastructural base of the economy to boost capital formation and promote sustainable growth.

]]> Our focus in this study is capital formation and growth. The study applied Harrod –Domar model to Nigerian growth model and tested if it can work in Nigeria. The ordinary least square multiple regression analytical method was used to examine the relationship between capital formation and economic growth. The study tested the stationarity and co integration of Nigeria’s time series data and used an error correction mechanism to determine the long-run relationship among the variables examined. The paper reviewed the literature and found that Harrod-Domar model has scarcely been used to test the relationship between capital formation and economic growth. The empirical study found that the data were stationary and co integrated and showed that there is a significant relationship between capital formation and economic growth in Nigeria. The results supported the Harrod-Domar model which proved that the growth rate of national income will directly or positively be related to saving ratio and capital formation (i.e. the more an economy is able to save-and invest-out of given GNP, the greater will be the growth of that GDP). The econometric results suggested the need for the government to continue to encourage savings, create conducive investment climate and improve the infrastructural base of the economy to boost capital formation and promote sustainable growth. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 11 - 24 Bakare A.S Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Capital formation Economic growth, 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,April-2011 3 11 24 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=7 Day of the Week Effect and Stock Returns: (Evidence from Karachi Stock Exchange-Pakistan)
Faryad Hussain, Kashif Hamid, Rana Shahid Imdad Akash, Majid Imdad Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 25 - 31

Day of the week effect study is focused as a stock market anomaly on the equity market practices in Pakistan. The modus-operandi applicable in this research consists of daily stock prices concerned to KSE-100 Index, for the period January 2006 to December 2010. The working week for trade matters consist of five days. Study concludes that Tuesday returns are quite significant and positive. Hence it is inferred that there exists day effect in Pakistani stock market. The returns of Tuesday on an average are greater in comparison to rest of the days. The regression analysis is performed to meet the thrust of this study.

]]> Day of the week effect study is focused as a stock market anomaly on the equity market practices in Pakistan. The modus-operandi applicable in this research consists of daily stock prices concerned to KSE-100 Index, for the period January 2006 to December 2010. The working week for trade matters consist of five days. Study concludes that Tuesday returns are quite significant and positive. Hence it is inferred that there exists day effect in Pakistani stock market. The returns of Tuesday on an average are greater in comparison to rest of the days. The regression analysis is performed to meet the thrust of this study. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 25 - 31 Faryad Hussain, Kashif Hamid, Rana Shahid Imdad Akash, Majid Imdad Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Returns KSE-100 Monday Effect Regression 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,April-2011 3 25 31 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=7 Factors influencing parents’ choice of school for their children in Botswana: marketing strategy for customer loyalty
Nonofo Constance Losike-Sedimo
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 32 - 40

This study explored the market for a new School for preschool to grade 12 in the capital and surrounding towns/villages. It considered twelve factors that may affect the viability of the proposed project at the designated location. These factors were availability of children under seven years in the location and its catchments area, the role distance played in choosing a school, satisfaction with the quality of education offered by current schools in the area, she type of education environment people wanted, the services the people want for their children, What is considered affordable school fees? Transport requirements, whether there was a felt or perceived need for the whole day care in the school, he impact the new school would have on the location, expectations on the image of the school buildings, expectations for the curriculum, expectations for staffing and teacher pupil ratio, and other educational innovations. The design for the study was qualitative in nature. Researchers gathered data through home visits, using interview instruments. The sample was fifty families selected randomly from the city and villages falling within 70 kilometres radius from the city. Participants perceived a need to build a new school at a central location. They advocated good child care, good education, safety of children beautiful strong buildings and several educational innovations and affordable school fees. Parents stated that proximity to school is not a given that they would choose the school. They wanted schools that move with the times in terms of what the Botswana society needs. Transport was required by most parents while others preferred to commute with the children to their place of work. The purpose for conducting the study was to establish the market for a new day care centre catering for preschoolers to grade 12. The rationale being that school is a major project that needs careful planning academically and financially. The theoretical framework used for the study was overlapping spheres of influence by Epstein (1992). In today‟s highly competitive markets, businesses are more challenged to increase, or even maintain market share. With the globalization and continuous technology innovations, the challenge continues to grow. Hence, it a need for critical market research.

]]> (1992). In today‟s highly competitive markets, businesses are more challenged to increase, or even maintain market share. With the globalization and continuous technology innovations, the challenge continues to grow. Hence, it a need for critical market research. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 32 - 40 Nonofo Constance Losike-Sedimo Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Botswana school Loyal Customers 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,April-2011 3 32 40 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=7 Knowledge metrics of Brand Equity; critical measure of Brand Attachment
Arslan Rafi, Arslan Ali, Sidra Waris, Dr. Kashif-ur-Rehman
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 41 - 50

Brand creation through an effective marketing strategy is necessary for creation of unique associations in the customer‟s memory. Customer‟s attitude, awareness and association towards the brand are primarily focused while evaluating performance of a brand, before designing the marketing strategies and subsequent evaluation of the progress. In this research, literature establishes a direct and significant effect of Knowledge metrics of the Brand equity, i.e. Brand Awareness and Brand Association, on creation of Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength and this factor becomes more effectual while introducing and promoting new brands. Finding of this research imply that for achieving desirable outcome through creation of Brand attachment and Brand Attitude Strength in the target audience and for designing more effective and fruitful strategies, managers and policy makers should pay more focus on creating strong Knowledge metrics amongst the target audience.

]]> Brand creation through an effective marketing strategy is necessary for creation of unique associations in the customer‟s memory. Customer‟s attitude, awareness and association towards the brand are primarily focused while evaluating performance of a brand, before designing the marketing strategies and subsequent evaluation of the progress. In this research, literature establishes a direct and significant effect of Knowledge metrics of the Brand equity, i.e. Brand Awareness and Brand Association, on creation of Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength and this factor becomes more effectual while introducing and promoting new brands. Finding of this research imply that for achieving desirable outcome through creation of Brand attachment and Brand Attitude Strength in the target audience and for designing more effective and fruitful strategies, managers and policy makers should pay more focus on creating strong Knowledge metrics amongst the target audience. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 1 April (2011) pp 41 - 50 Arslan Rafi, Arslan Ali, Sidra Waris, Dr. Kashif-ur-Rehman Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Brand Attachment Knowledge Metrics 2011-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,April-2011 3 41 50 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=8 Financial Performance of Pakistan Insurance Industry in Global Scenario
Dr. Waheed Akhter, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 1 - 14

This research paper analyzes the financial performance of Pakistan insurance industry during the period 2001-2005 in an attempt to assess future growth and potential. Though the growth of Pakistan insurance industry is satisfactory, yet insurance comparison with advanced as well as under-developed countries signifies abysmal low insurance penetration in the country. Performance of Pakistan insurance industry has been analyzed from two perspectives. Insurance comparison with advanced as well as under-developed countries and comparing Pakistan’s share to the world insurance market and through Regional comparison showing insurance density and penetration of selected Asian countries. The paper identifies some key economic indicators that are essential to create demand for insurance and contribute towards achieving long-term prosperity and sustainable economic development of the country.

]]> This research paper analyzes the financial performance of Pakistan insurance industry during the period 2001-2005 in an attempt to assess future growth and potential. Though the growth of Pakistan insurance industry is satisfactory, yet insurance comparison with advanced as well as under-developed countries signifies abysmal low insurance penetration in the country. Performance of Pakistan insurance industry has been analyzed from two perspectives. Insurance comparison with advanced as well as under-developed countries and comparing Pakistan’s share to the world insurance market and through Regional comparison showing insurance density and penetration of selected Asian countries. The paper identifies some key economic indicators that are essential to create demand for insurance and contribute towards achieving long-term prosperity and sustainable economic development of the country. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 1 - 14 Dr. Waheed Akhter, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Insurance industry financial performance 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,May-2011 3 1 14 2011-06-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=8 The significance of demographic factors on key-indicator variables of consumer credit decisions
Simangaliso Biza-Khupe
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 15 - 25

The literature on consumer financial behaviour identifies a myriad of factors that influence individuals’ financial decisions and choices. Among the key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour are Credit Search, Financial Risk and Credit Terms Considered. These indicator variables have been well researched and measured in the literature. Personal attributes, and in particular demographic variables, have largely been regarded as moderating variables in the literature. Although demographic variables are widely recognised by researchers as important in better understanding and predicting consumer financial behaviour, research on their relationship with the key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour (Credit Search, Financial Risk and Credit Terms Considered) is scarce. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the literature by exploring the significance of demographic factors on key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour. Data was collected from Melbourne, Australia, and the proposed hypotheses tested using paired-samples t-test. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the pairs of means for all key-indicator variables against all three demographic factors of Gender, Age and Education. The findings confirm the influential role that demographic variables play in individual/household financial decisions, a matter which warrants further research into the nature and direction of the indentified influences. Such research would be particularly instrumental in informing policy and practice.

]]> The literature on consumer financial behaviour identifies a myriad of factors that influence individuals’ financial decisions and choices. Among the key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour are Credit Search, Financial Risk and Credit Terms Considered. These indicator variables have been well researched and measured in the literature. Personal attributes, and in particular demographic variables, have largely been regarded as moderating variables in the literature. Although demographic variables are widely recognised by researchers as important in better understanding and predicting consumer financial behaviour, research on their relationship with the key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour (Credit Search, Financial Risk and Credit Terms Considered) is scarce. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the literature by exploring the significance of demographic factors on key-indicator variables of consumer credit behaviour. Data was collected from Melbourne, Australia, and the proposed hypotheses tested using paired-samples t-test. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the pairs of means for all key-indicator variables against all three demographic factors of Gender, Age and Education. The findings confirm the influential role that demographic variables play in individual/household financial decisions, a matter which warrants further research into the nature and direction of the indentified influences. Such research would be particularly instrumental in informing policy and practice. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 15 - 25 Simangaliso Biza-Khupe Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Consumer credit financial risk 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,May-2011 3 15 25 2011-06-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=8 Achieving competitive advantage through empowering employees: An empirical study
Mohammad Safari Kahreh, Heidar Ahmadi, Asgar Hashemi
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 26 - 37

While discussion of employee empowerment has been prevalent in the popular literature for many years, theoretical research on psychological empowerment has been appearing only recently in scholarly journals. Empowerment is a concept that links individual strengths and competencies, natural helping systems and proactive behaviour to social policy and social change. This paper aims to illustrate the role of empowering employees on the gaining competitive advantage. For this purpose, a novel and innovative conceptual framework are used and presented. Data are gathered from academicians and experts associated with the financial services in Iran. In this paper, three main dimensions of competitive advantage that are Efficiency, Innovation and Responsiveness are investigated and examined. Results showed that the dimensions of employees empowerment are positively affected on gaining sustainable competitive advantage for organizations.

]]> While discussion of employee empowerment has been prevalent in the popular literature for many years, theoretical research on psychological empowerment has been appearing only recently in scholarly journals. Empowerment is a concept that links individual strengths and competencies, natural helping systems and proactive behaviour to social policy and social change. This paper aims to illustrate the role of empowering employees on the gaining competitive advantage. For this purpose, a novel and innovative conceptual framework are used and presented. Data are gathered from academicians and experts associated with the financial services in Iran. In this paper, three main dimensions of competitive advantage that are Efficiency, Innovation and Responsiveness are investigated and examined. Results showed that the dimensions of employees empowerment are positively affected on gaining sustainable competitive advantage for organizations. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 26 - 37 Mohammad Safari Kahreh, Heidar Ahmadi, Asgar Hashemi Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Empowerment competitive advantage 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,May-2011 3 26 37 2011-06-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=8 Visual attention and emotional devaluation of products: an implication for advertisers
Phuc, Thi Thanh Ho
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 38 - 58

There have been many studies that focus on visual attention. However, little is known about how attentional inhibition processes impact emotional evaluation of products. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the attentional state associated with products can affect subsequent emotional judgments about the same products. In the first part of the experiment, thirty seven subjects are instructed either to press a key as fast as possible after seeing a product of one type or to withhold a key after seeing a product of a different type. The withholding action is required in order to associate the product with an inhibitory state. Afterwards, participants are requested to make an emotional judgement about the products they had just seen and novel products. It is found that participants rated products associated with a key press more positively than products associated with a withhold response. The results suggest that attentional inhibition on a product causes an emotional devaluation response. This raises an important implication for advertisers: product-related images shown to consumers while they are paying attention to other demanding activities could generate negative rather than positive effects.

]]> There have been many studies that focus on visual attention. However, little is known about how attentional inhibition processes impact emotional evaluation of products. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the attentional state associated with products can affect subsequent emotional judgments about the same products. In the first part of the experiment, thirty seven subjects are instructed either to press a key as fast as possible after seeing a product of one type or to withhold a key after seeing a product of a different type. The withholding action is required in order to associate the product with an inhibitory state. Afterwards, participants are requested to make an emotional judgement about the products they had just seen and novel products. It is found that participants rated products associated with a key press more positively than products associated with a withhold response. The results suggest that attentional inhibition on a product causes an emotional devaluation response. This raises an important implication for advertisers: product-related images shown to consumers while they are paying attention to other demanding activities could generate negative rather than positive effects. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 38 - 58 Phuc, Thi Thanh Ho Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Visual Attention Emotional Devaluation 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,May-2011 3 38 58 2011-06-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=8 Impact of culture on Business Ethics
Mohsin Shakeel, Muhammad Mazhar Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 59 - 70

Businesses in global world are interconnected with each other and practices at organizations for the compliance of business purpose. Organization cannot survive in isolation. The survival of organization depends upon the integration of business codes with the societal ethics and combinely format into an adjoined ethical practices prevailing saturate in market. Business ethics are gaining importance day by day which results into more saturation of business practices. The area of focus in this study is to investigate the effect of culture on ethics. Results proved in light of prior research that culture significantly effect on business ethics. Therefore it is very important need to give awareness to the employees so that firms can follow the ethics codes for doing business in good ethical ways.

]]> Businesses in global world are interconnected with each other and practices at organizations for the compliance of business purpose. Organization cannot survive in isolation. The survival of organization depends upon the integration of business codes with the societal ethics and combinely format into an adjoined ethical practices prevailing saturate in market. Business ethics are gaining importance day by day which results into more saturation of business practices. The area of focus in this study is to investigate the effect of culture on ethics. Results proved in light of prior research that culture significantly effect on business ethics. Therefore it is very important need to give awareness to the employees so that firms can follow the ethics codes for doing business in good ethical ways. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 2 May (2011) pp 59 - 70 Mohsin Shakeel, Muhammad Mazhar Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Culture Knowledge values and business ethics 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,May-2011 3 59 70 2011-06-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=9 Liquidity management efficiency of Indian Steel Companies (a Case Study)
Dr. Amalendu Bhunia, Islam Uddin Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 03 - 13

Liquidity management is of crucial importance in financial management decision. The optimal of liquidity management is could be achieve by company that manage the trade-off between profitability and liquidity management. The paper analyses the association between the liquidity management and profitability of 230 Indian private sector steel companies obtained from CMIE database. Liquidity management indicators and profitability indicator over the period from 2002 to 2010 are modeled as a linear regression system in multiple correlation and regression analysis. Evidence of petite association between those variables is found. A descriptive statistics discloses that liquidity and solvency position is very satisfactory and relatively efficient liquidity management is found. Multiple regression tests confirm a lower degree of association between the liquidity management and profitability.

]]> Liquidity management is of crucial importance in financial management decision. The optimal of liquidity management is could be achieve by company that manage the trade-off between profitability and liquidity management. The paper analyses the association between the liquidity management and profitability of 230 Indian private sector steel companies obtained from CMIE database. Liquidity management indicators and profitability indicator over the period from 2002 to 2010 are modeled as a linear regression system in multiple correlation and regression analysis. Evidence of petite association between those variables is found. A descriptive statistics discloses that liquidity and solvency position is very satisfactory and relatively efficient liquidity management is found. Multiple regression tests confirm a lower degree of association between the liquidity management and profitability. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 03 - 13 Dr. Amalendu Bhunia, Islam Uddin Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Secondary data Multiple Regression Analysis 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,June-2011 3 03 13 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=9 Motivational factors, entrepreneurship and education: Study with reference to women in SMEs
Dr. Brinda Kalyani. P. R, Dr. Dileep Kumar M.
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 14 - 35

For the past couple of years entrepreneurship development is considered as the priority area in the development policy in many countries, especially in India. The young entrepreneurs are engaged in varied form of small and medium scale enterprises ranging from paper to electronics, engineering to electrical, textile to metal and pipe industry, construction to food processing, education to handicrafts. The interesting fact is that the entrepreneurial ventures are making provision of more business options not only for men, but also for women, especially in rural and semi urban areas. Considering this trend, a study is conducted to analyze, what exactly motivate women entrepreneurs to get into small and medium scale entrepreneurial ventures. Relating entrepreneurship with educational institutions, it is hypothesized in this study that the identification of motivational factors among women may support educational institutions to tailor made their entrepreneurial program in tune with appropriate pedagogy and approach. In order to conduct the study SIDCO Industrial Estates in Madurai Region region is selected since it is populated with several small and medium scale enterprises. The respondents were the entrepreneurs who run small-scale industrial units of SIDCO Industrial Estate. Out of total population of 432, 144 small scale entrepreneurs have been taken as sample size. The data collected were analyzed on the basis of Descriptive Statistics, Correlation, Regression and Kruskal Wallis Test. The findings of this paper show the major factors which influence the motivation of women entrepreneurs in small and medium scale enterprises and its close relationship with the entrepreneurial factors. The study also suggests some measure for the educational institutions in order to make its pedagogue support their entrepreneurial development efforts of the country.

]]> For the past couple of years entrepreneurship development is considered as the priority area in the development policy in many countries, especially in India. The young entrepreneurs are engaged in varied form of small and medium scale enterprises ranging from paper to electronics, engineering to electrical, textile to metal and pipe industry, construction to food processing, education to handicrafts. The interesting fact is that the entrepreneurial ventures are making provision of more business options not only for men, but also for women, especially in rural and semi urban areas. Considering this trend, a study is conducted to analyze, what exactly motivate women entrepreneurs to get into small and medium scale entrepreneurial ventures. Relating entrepreneurship with educational institutions, it is hypothesized in this study that the identification of motivational factors among women may support educational institutions to tailor made their entrepreneurial program in tune with appropriate pedagogy and approach. In order to conduct the study SIDCO Industrial Estates in Madurai Region region is selected since it is populated with several small and medium scale enterprises. The respondents were the entrepreneurs who run small-scale industrial units of SIDCO Industrial Estate. Out of total population of 432, 144 small scale entrepreneurs have been taken as sample size. The data collected were analyzed on the basis of Descriptive Statistics, Correlation, Regression and Kruskal Wallis Test. The findings of this paper show the major factors which influence the motivation of women entrepreneurs in small and medium scale enterprises and its close relationship with the entrepreneurial factors. The study also suggests some measure for the educational institutions in order to make its pedagogue support their entrepreneurial development efforts of the country. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 14 - 35 Dr. Brinda Kalyani. P. R, Dr. Dileep Kumar M. Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Motivational Factors Entrepreneurship 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,June-2011 3 14 35 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=9 A synthesis of literature on organizational politics
Sami Ullah, Dr. Abu Rashid Jafri, Muhammad Khyzer Bin Dost
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 36 - 49

The interest of academicians and practitioners has grown substantially about the concept of organizational politics since last decade. Articles and books are reviewed using conceptualization of organizational politics as a criterion. The synthesis of literature is arranged with respect to definition of organizational politics, political behavior, and political skills of employees. It was found that qualitative research methodology is less frequently used as compared to quantitative research methodology. Triangulation as the best suited research methodology is suggested at the end. Also opportunities for future research in the field of organizational politics are discussed.

]]> The interest of academicians and practitioners has grown substantially about the concept of organizational politics since last decade. Articles and books are reviewed using conceptualization of organizational politics as a criterion. The synthesis of literature is arranged with respect to definition of organizational politics, political behavior, and political skills of employees. It was found that qualitative research methodology is less frequently used as compared to quantitative research methodology. Triangulation as the best suited research methodology is suggested at the end. Also opportunities for future research in the field of organizational politics are discussed. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 36 - 49 Sami Ullah, Dr. Abu Rashid Jafri, Muhammad Khyzer Bin Dost Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Organizational Politics Political Behavior 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,June-2011 3 36 49 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=9 Survey the Role of Brand in Formation of Customer Loyalty in Financial Services Marketing by the Approach of Small Firms
Gholamreza Jandaghi, Alireza Amini, Parvaneh Pirani, Zahra Amini
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 50 - 61

One of elements which have received considerable attention in relationship marketing is customer loyalty. Brand is one of construct contributes to the formation of customer loyalty. Thus this study investigates the relationship between customer loyalty and brand. In this regards, using conceptual model, relationship between satisfaction, value, resistance to change, affect, trust and brand equity with customer loyalty has been hypothesized. Data was collected from 193 firms in 22 regions of tehran, which were selected by one-stage cluster sampling, receiving Melli Bank of Iran‟s services. Hypothesis was tested by Spearman correlation coefficient and structural equation analysis. Results indicate that brand equity and trust are the most important factors affecting behavior and attitude patterns of customer loyalty. While there is also evidence that the models underlying the formation of behavioral versus attitudinal forms of customer loyalty may vary across research settings.

]]> One of elements which have received considerable attention in relationship marketing is customer loyalty. Brand is one of construct contributes to the formation of customer loyalty. Thus this study investigates the relationship between customer loyalty and brand. In this regards, using conceptual model, relationship between satisfaction, value, resistance to change, affect, trust and brand equity with customer loyalty has been hypothesized. Data was collected from 193 firms in 22 regions of tehran, which were selected by one-stage cluster sampling, receiving Melli Bank of Iran‟s services. Hypothesis was tested by Spearman correlation coefficient and structural equation analysis. Results indicate that brand equity and trust are the most important factors affecting behavior and attitude patterns of customer loyalty. While there is also evidence that the models underlying the formation of behavioral versus attitudinal forms of customer loyalty may vary across research settings. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 50 - 61 Gholamreza Jandaghi, Alireza Amini, Parvaneh Pirani, Zahra Amini Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Brand equity customer loyalty 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,June-2011 3 50 61 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=9 Does Income Level affect Saving Behaviour in Pakistan? An ARDL approach to co-integration for empirical assessment
Muhammad Farhan, Muhammad Akram
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 62 - 72

The purpose this study was to identify the short-run and long-run relationship between income level and saving behaviour in Pakistan along with inflation and age dependency ratio by using co-integration and error correction model (ECM) for the period of 1985-2009. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, bounds testing approach to co-integration were used to delineate the short- run and long –run relationship between income level and saving behavior. It is found that in short and long-run, income levels acquire highly significant and positive relationship with the saving behavior in case of Pakistan. This was the first attempt made by the researcher to estimate the income level effect on saving behaviour in case low income developing country like Pakistan. Given that Pakistan capital market is growing, the empirical assessment has direct policy relevance.

]]> The purpose this study was to identify the short-run and long-run relationship between income level and saving behaviour in Pakistan along with inflation and age dependency ratio by using co-integration and error correction model (ECM) for the period of 1985-2009. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, bounds testing approach to co-integration were used to delineate the short- run and long –run relationship between income level and saving behavior. It is found that in short and long-run, income levels acquire highly significant and positive relationship with the saving behavior in case of Pakistan. This was the first attempt made by the researcher to estimate the income level effect on saving behaviour in case low income developing country like Pakistan. Given that Pakistan capital market is growing, the empirical assessment has direct policy relevance. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 3 No 3 June (2011) pp 62 - 72 Muhammad Farhan, Muhammad Akram Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Savings Life-cycle hypothesis 2011-05-14T23:20:50-09:00 3,June-2011 3 62 72 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=10 An evaluation of positive organizational behavior in Banking Sector of Pakistan: Role of Organization based self-esteem and Organizational Supports
Kamariah Ismail, Syed Khurram Ali Jafri, Wafa Khurram
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 01 - 16

The burgeoning importance of incorporating Positive Psychology in workplace is recognized by researchers, lately. However, its dire need in developing positive organizational behavior in service organizations of developing regions like Pakistan is established through this study. An assessment of positive organizational behavior of Bank employees was tested in effect of their organization-based self-esteem, Leader-Member exchange and positive organizational support. Furthermore, the mediating effect of organization based self-esteem in relationship of Leader-Member exchange and Positive organizational support with that of Positive organizational behavior was also evaluated. Using Stratified Sampling technique and mail survey method, the data of 100 respondents from the Private and Public Banks of Pakistan was analyzed. Findings showed positive relationship of OBSE, LMX and POS with POB. Furthermore, OBSE was found to mediate the relation between POS and POB. Yet, no mediating role of OBSE was found in relation between LMX and POB. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

]]> The burgeoning importance of incorporating Positive Psychology in workplace is recognized by researchers, lately. However, its dire need in developing positive organizational behavior in service organizations of developing regions like Pakistan is established through this study. An assessment of positive organizational behavior of Bank employees was tested in effect of their organization-based self-esteem, Leader-Member exchange and positive organizational support. Furthermore, the mediating effect of organization based self-esteem in relationship of Leader-Member exchange and Positive organizational support with that of Positive organizational behavior was also evaluated. Using Stratified Sampling technique and mail survey method, the data of 100 respondents from the Private and Public Banks of Pakistan was analyzed. Findings showed positive relationship of OBSE, LMX and POS with POB. Furthermore, OBSE was found to mediate the relation between POS and POB. Yet, no mediating role of OBSE was found in relation between LMX and POB. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 01 - 16 Kamariah Ismail, Syed Khurram Ali Jafri, Wafa Khurram Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Positive Psychology Positive Organizational Behavior 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,July-2011 1 01 16 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=10 Replacement, Dominance and Recession of Dollar
Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Muazzam Mughal, Fatima Amin, Ayesha Farooqui
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 July (2011) pp 17 - 26

Dollar is considered as dominant reserve currency all over the world. Literature gives a view of the whole life of dollar from its dominance till recession. Despite of financial ups and downs, dollar maintains its status for many years, as a reserve currency and as prominent currency in the settlement of international trade transaction. But now hyperinflationary forces and low economic growth rate makes the dollar susceptible to depression. The study attempts to analyze the proposed status of dollar in the presence of its pronounced competitors.

]]> Dollar is considered as dominant reserve currency all over the world. Literature gives a view of the whole life of dollar from its dominance till recession. Despite of financial ups and downs, dollar maintains its status for many years, as a reserve currency and as prominent currency in the settlement of international trade transaction. But now hyperinflationary forces and low economic growth rate makes the dollar susceptible to depression. The study attempts to analyze the proposed status of dollar in the presence of its pronounced competitors. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 17 - 26 Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Muazzam Mughal, Fatima Amin, Ayesha Farooqui Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Dollar Dominance Recession 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,July-2011 1 17 26 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=10 The Role Of Accounting And Certified Public Accountants In The Prevention Of The Informal Economy In Turkey
Dr. Selami Guney
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 27 - 44

The informal economy is a common problem in all countries; however when compared to the developed countries, it has particular significance in the economies of the developing countries. Looking to the causes and effects of the informal economy, it appears that the informal economy is a persistent problem even if numerous solution methods have been proposed. This is mainly because of its social, physiologic, legislative, political and ethical dimensions integral to its structure. In addition to these, there are also economic factors that are extremely complex.

]]> The informal economy is a common problem in all countries; however when compared to the developed countries, it has particular significance in the economies of the developing countries. Looking to the causes and effects of the informal economy, it appears that the informal economy is a persistent problem even if numerous solution methods have been proposed. This is mainly because of its social, physiologic, legislative, political and ethical dimensions integral to its structure. In addition to these, there are also economic factors that are extremely complex. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 27 - 44 Dr. Selami Guney Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Informal Economy Shadow Economy 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,July-2011 1 27 44 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=10 Impact of Dividend Policy on Stock Price Risk: Empirical Evidence from Equity Market of Pakistan
Muhammad Asghar, Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah, Kashif Hamid, Muhammad Tahir Suleman
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 45 - 52

This study is conducted with the objective to find out impact of dividend policy on stock price risk in Pakistan. The data of the study is taken from the published resources of State Bank of Pakistan and Karachi Stock Exchange regarding to five important sectors for the period 2005-2009. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression models are used to perform the data analysis. The results of the study reveals that the correlation of price volatility and dividend yield is quite significant as compare to other variables. Moreover price volatility has negative correlation to the growth in assets. It is also inferred from the study that all the Variables are linked to the price Volatility; however, second model justifies the relational impact of some variables on the price volatility.

]]> This study is conducted with the objective to find out impact of dividend policy on stock price risk in Pakistan. The data of the study is taken from the published resources of State Bank of Pakistan and Karachi Stock Exchange regarding to five important sectors for the period 2005-2009. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression models are used to perform the data analysis. The results of the study reveals that the correlation of price volatility and dividend yield is quite significant as compare to other variables. Moreover price volatility has negative correlation to the growth in assets. It is also inferred from the study that all the Variables are linked to the price Volatility; however, second model justifies the relational impact of some variables on the price volatility. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 45 - 52 Muhammad Asghar, Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah, Kashif Hamid, Muhammad Tahir Suleman Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Price volatility dividend yield 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,July-2011 4 45 52 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=10 Reweighted Nadaraya-Watson estimator of scalar diffusion models by using asymmetric kernels
Muhammad Hanif
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 53 - 69

The nonparametric estimation of first and second infinitesimal moments describe by using the reweighted Nadaraya-Watson of scalar diffusion model. We used the symmetric kernels instead of standard kernel smoothing. We prove that the proposed estimators are consistence and asymptotically follow normal distribution under the condition of recurrence and stationarity.

]]> The nonparametric estimation of first and second infinitesimal moments describe by using the reweighted Nadaraya-Watson of scalar diffusion model. We used the symmetric kernels instead of standard kernel smoothing. We prove that the proposed estimators are consistence and asymptotically follow normal distribution under the condition of recurrence and stationarity. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 1 July (2011) pp 53 - 69 Muhammad Hanif Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Beta kernel Harris recurrence 2011-07-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,July-2011 1 53 69 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=11 Determinants of Changes Dividend Behavior Policy: Evidence from the Amman Stock Exchange
Dr. Faris Nasif AL- Shubiri
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 01 - 15

The motivation for these studies is the international extensive researches about factors that might be important in determining firm‟s dividend policy. There are many reasons explaining why dividend policy is so interesting. One reason is that the dividend policy of the firm affects its capital structure, since the retained earnings intent to fund the firm. Otherwise, the firm has to raise funds by issuing new debt. The behavior of dividend policy is the most debate able issue in the corporate finance literature and still keeps its prominent place both in developed and emerging markets.

]]> The motivation for these studies is the international extensive researches about factors that might be important in determining firm‟s dividend policy. There are many reasons explaining why dividend policy is so interesting. One reason is that the dividend policy of the firm affects its capital structure, since the retained earnings intent to fund the firm. Otherwise, the firm has to raise funds by issuing new debt. The behavior of dividend policy is the most debate able issue in the corporate finance literature and still keeps its prominent place both in developed and emerging markets. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 01 - 15 Dr. Faris Nasif AL- Shubiri Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Dividend Policy Corporate Leverage 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,August-2011 2 1 15 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=11 Training and Development, Leadership Style and Empowerment Practices as Determinants of Organization Citizenship Behavior in Corporate Sector of Developing Country Pakistan
Omar Rehman, Adil Mansoor, Muhammad Rafiq , Muhammad Rashid
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 16 - 26

The present study scrutinizes the relationship of Training and Development (T and D) Empowerment practices (EP) and leadership style (LS) to Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in corporate sector of developing country like Pakistan. A questionnaire with Good Standard has been utilized for measuring the relationship among variables. A data from 125 employees of different organizations has gathered to analyze the relationship between variables. SPSS is used to analyze the respondents data. The outcomes of the entire study show that Training and Development (T and D), Empowerment practices (EP) and leadership style (LS) have significant positive relationship with Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB).

]]> The present study scrutinizes the relationship of Training and Development (T and D) Empowerment practices (EP) and leadership style (LS) to Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in corporate sector of developing country like Pakistan. A questionnaire with Good Standard has been utilized for measuring the relationship among variables. A data from 125 employees of different organizations has gathered to analyze the relationship between variables. SPSS is used to analyze the respondents data. The outcomes of the entire study show that Training and Development (T and D), Empowerment practices (EP) and leadership style (LS) have significant positive relationship with Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 16 - 26 Omar Rehman, Adil Mansoor, Muhammad Rafiq , Muhammad Rashid Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Training and Development (T and D) Empowerment practices (EP) leadership style (LS) 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,August-2011 2 16 26 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=11 The Determinants of Private Domestic Investment in Nigeria
Bakare A.S
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 27 - 37

This study focalize the private domestic investment. The choice is to enable us study the implications of the policy shift of Nigerian government that placed emphasis on private sector as an engine of growth. The policy makers believe that private investment has a stronger and more favorable effect on growth than public investment, probably because private investment is more efficient and less closely associated with corruption. This study however analyzed the determinants of private investment in Nigeria using a time series data and an error correction mechanism. The paper discussed the trends in investment and also reviewed the literature on the topic. Empirical investigations showed that changes in real private investment in Nigeria are best explained by changes in political trend by a dummy variable representing political instability; macroeconomic instability and poor infrastructure.

]]> This study focalize the private domestic investment. The choice is to enable us study the implications of the policy shift of Nigerian government that placed emphasis on private sector as an engine of growth. The policy makers believe that private investment has a stronger and more favorable effect on growth than public investment, probably because private investment is more efficient and less closely associated with corruption. This study however analyzed the determinants of private investment in Nigeria using a time series data and an error correction mechanism. The paper discussed the trends in investment and also reviewed the literature on the topic. Empirical investigations showed that changes in real private investment in Nigeria are best explained by changes in political trend by a dummy variable representing political instability; macroeconomic instability and poor infrastructure. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 27 - 37 Bakare A.S Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Private Domestic Investment Infrastructure 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,August-2011 2 27 37 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=11 Responsiveness of the Indian Textiles Exporters to the Phase Out of Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA)
Dr. Asiya Chaudhary
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 37 - 56

Multi Fiber Agreement was imposed on January 1, 1974 as a protection technique to the textiles industry of USA and EU but had to be lifted away on continuous agitation by the nations rich in textiles as this was hindering their optimum utilization. The phasing out of the Multi Fiber Agreement was done in phases in ten years i.e. from 1995 to 2005. This gave the textiles rich nations including India sufficient time and scope to prepare themselves to meet the market challenges in the quota free regime. The research paper investigates through primary survey how the Indian Textiles exporters responded to the situation and what methods (e.g. expansion, technology improvements, diversification, etc.) were adopted to face and tackle the new market conditions at the global level. This is done on the basis of analysis and interpretation of survey conducted by the investigator. The paper is devoted to test two hypotheses to check if Indian exporters were prepared to meet the challenges of the quota free market and their premeditation regarding that.

]]> Multi Fiber Agreement was imposed on January 1, 1974 as a protection technique to the textiles industry of USA and EU but had to be lifted away on continuous agitation by the nations rich in textiles as this was hindering their optimum utilization. The phasing out of the Multi Fiber Agreement was done in phases in ten years i.e. from 1995 to 2005. This gave the textiles rich nations including India sufficient time and scope to prepare themselves to meet the market challenges in the quota free regime. The research paper investigates through primary survey how the Indian Textiles exporters responded to the situation and what methods (e.g. expansion, technology improvements, diversification, etc.) were adopted to face and tackle the new market conditions at the global level. This is done on the basis of analysis and interpretation of survey conducted by the investigator. The paper is devoted to test two hypotheses to check if Indian exporters were prepared to meet the challenges of the quota free market and their premeditation regarding that. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 37 - 56 Dr. Asiya Chaudhary Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) Quota Responsiveness Challenges 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,August-2011 2 37 56 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=11 The Influence of Demographics on Job Burnout
Abdul Haque, Muhammad Shakeel Aslam
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 57 - 72

This study examined the relationship of demographics and job burnout. Association of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, lack of accomplishment and overall job burnout with different demographics such as gender, age, marital status, qualification, work experience, salary structure and working hours was investigated in this study. A well-structured questionnaire was administered and data was collected from 406 bankers working in local private, local nationalized and foreign banks located in Lahore city. It is found in the study that employees belonging to different demographical groups exhibit same level of burnout in most of the cases. However, some differences are noted and discussed in the study. The findings of the study provides a true picture about the level of burnout in different demographical groups and puts stress on banking management to have careful insight to address this issue. The limitations of the research and future area to be examined further are also discussed. The study is pioneer in its nature as no previous study explored the relationship of demographics with job burnout in Pakistan.

]]> This study examined the relationship of demographics and job burnout. Association of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, lack of accomplishment and overall job burnout with different demographics such as gender, age, marital status, qualification, work experience, salary structure and working hours was investigated in this study. A well-structured questionnaire was administered and data was collected from 406 bankers working in local private, local nationalized and foreign banks located in Lahore city. It is found in the study that employees belonging to different demographical groups exhibit same level of burnout in most of the cases. However, some differences are noted and discussed in the study. The findings of the study provides a true picture about the level of burnout in different demographical groups and puts stress on banking management to have careful insight to address this issue. The limitations of the research and future area to be examined further are also discussed. The study is pioneer in its nature as no previous study explored the relationship of demographics with job burnout in Pakistan. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 2 August (2011) pp 57 - 72 Abdul Haque, Muhammad Shakeel Aslam Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Pakistan Banking Sector Emotional Exhaustion 2011-08-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,August-2011 2 57 72 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=12 Impact of flexible scheduling on employee performance regarding stress and work-family conflict
Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Furqan Ahmad Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Mohsin Shakeel
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 01 - 14

Stress, work-family conflicts and flexible scheduling are three of the most important elements in organizational studies. The focus of current study is to understand the effect of Stress, work-family conflicts and flexible scheduling on employee’s performance and also to understand whether flexible scheduling helps in reducing stress and work-family conflicts or not. The back bone of this study is the secondary data comprised of comprehensive literature review. A survey has also been conducted to strengthen the idea comprising of a sample of 70 employees from different organizations. 53 of them responded and the respond rate was 75%. Descriptive statistics is used to analyze the data. Results show that stress and work family conflict negatively affect the employee performance and flexible scheduling has a positive effect on employee performance. Primary study as well as literature review showed that flexible scheduling also helps in reducing stress and work-family conflicts. However, results are strongly based on the literature review i.e. secondary data.

]]> Stress, work-family conflicts and flexible scheduling are three of the most important elements in organizational studies. The focus of current study is to understand the effect of Stress, work-family conflicts and flexible scheduling on employee’s performance and also to understand whether flexible scheduling helps in reducing stress and work-family conflicts or not. The back bone of this study is the secondary data comprised of comprehensive literature review. A survey has also been conducted to strengthen the idea comprising of a sample of 70 employees from different organizations. 53 of them responded and the respond rate was 75%. Descriptive statistics is used to analyze the data. Results show that stress and work family conflict negatively affect the employee performance and flexible scheduling has a positive effect on employee performance. Primary study as well as literature review showed that flexible scheduling also helps in reducing stress and work-family conflicts. However, results are strongly based on the literature review i.e. secondary data. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 01 - 14 Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Furqan Ahmad Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Mohsin Shakeel Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Work-family conflict flexible scheduling 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,September-2011 3 01 14 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=12 Study on the impact of dietitians’ occupational status on their recognition of ntrepreneurial opportunities in the field of nutrition counseling for diabetic patients
Mohammad Reza Meigounpoory, Pedram Yazdani, Parvin Mirmiran, Mostafa Maleki Someah Lu
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 15 - 23

In recent decades, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and also people’s tendency toward using diet therapy for these diseases, has led to increase entrepreneurial opportunities in the field of nutrition counseling services in the world, tremendously. Considering the prevalence of diabetes in 6 to 8 percent of the adult population of Iran and the enormous expenses of this disease for the country, it seems necessary to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in this field in Iran. Therefore, the study on factors influencing the recognition of these opportunities is also important.

]]> In recent decades, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and also people’s tendency toward using diet therapy for these diseases, has led to increase entrepreneurial opportunities in the field of nutrition counseling services in the world, tremendously. Considering the prevalence of diabetes in 6 to 8 percent of the adult population of Iran and the enormous expenses of this disease for the country, it seems necessary to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in this field in Iran. Therefore, the study on factors influencing the recognition of these opportunities is also important. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 15 - 23 Mohammad Reza Meigounpoory, Pedram Yazdani, Parvin Mirmiran, Mostafa Maleki Someah Lu Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Entrepreneurial opportunity Opportunity recognition 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,September-2011 3 15 23 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=12 Efforts of Labor Unions for Securing Non Financial Benefits for Workers – A Study of Pakistani Unions in Comparison to Unions of Other Countries
Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 24 - 42

In Pakistan ‗Labor unions is least researched area. Labor unions in Pakistan have been attributed with securing financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been exerting efforts for securing non-financial benefits for workers in the form of: Job Security, Working hours reduction, working conditions improvement, health facilities, informing workers for Rights and Removing their fears, Recreation facilities and providing training to workers. In this research article efforts of Pakistani unions have been estimated in securing these facilities.

]]> In Pakistan ‗Labor unions is least researched area. Labor unions in Pakistan have been attributed with securing financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been exerting efforts for securing non-financial benefits for workers in the form of: Job Security, Working hours reduction, working conditions improvement, health facilities, informing workers for Rights and Removing their fears, Recreation facilities and providing training to workers. In this research article efforts of Pakistani unions have been estimated in securing these facilities. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 24 - 42 Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Labor Unions Workers 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,September-2011 3 24 42 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=12 Impact of poor governance and income inequality of poverty in Pakistan
Zainab Akram, Sajida Wajid, Tahir Mahmood, Shoaib Sarwar
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 43 - 55

The widespread poverty is due to two main reasons are poor governance and income inequality in Pakistan. Few studies have focused on the theoretical substantiation of impact of bad governance and income inequality on poverty but we do not find any study carrying empirical work on the impact of bad governance on poverty in Pakistan. This study is an empirical research that attempts to find out the long run and short run impact of poor governance and inequality in wealth and income distribution on poverty in Pakistan through time series analysis for the year 1984-2008. Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Approach to Co integration is applied in order to find out the short run and long run relationship between the variables. Co integration between poverty, poor governance and income inequality is found in the present study. The results of this study also confirm the positive relationship between poverty and income inequality both in short run and long run. Poor governance is found to positively affect poverty in the long run but in the short run it does not have significant impact on poverty in Pakistan. CUSUM and CUSUMQ stability tests are employed on the model and the results show there is a stable relationship between the variables indicating stability of the estimated model.

]]> The widespread poverty is due to two main reasons are poor governance and income inequality in Pakistan. Few studies have focused on the theoretical substantiation of impact of bad governance and income inequality on poverty but we do not find any study carrying empirical work on the impact of bad governance on poverty in Pakistan. This study is an empirical research that attempts to find out the long run and short run impact of poor governance and inequality in wealth and income distribution on poverty in Pakistan through time series analysis for the year 1984-2008. Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Approach to Co integration is applied in order to find out the short run and long run relationship between the variables. Co integration between poverty, poor governance and income inequality is found in the present study. The results of this study also confirm the positive relationship between poverty and income inequality both in short run and long run. Poor governance is found to positively affect poverty in the long run but in the short run it does not have significant impact on poverty in Pakistan. CUSUM and CUSUMQ stability tests are employed on the model and the results show there is a stable relationship between the variables indicating stability of the estimated model. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 43 - 55 Zainab Akram, Sajida Wajid, Tahir Mahmood, Shoaib Sarwar Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Poverty Poor Governance 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,September-2011 3 43 55 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=12 Role of labor unions beneficial for employer
Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 56 - 71

According to definition of labor unions, they have always been attributed with securing financial and non-financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been playing role beyond collective bargaining for state and employer in: increasing productivity or efficiency of workers and improving workplace peace and harmony, improving workers‟ discipline. This research work has been conducted on unions of ten Pakistani organization and their unions‟ office bearers and employers were interviewed. In this research article unions‟ efforts for protection of interest of employer have been estimated. Dependent variable for this estimation is satisfaction of employer and independent variables are increase of productivity or efficiency, improvement in workplace harmony, improvement of workers‟ discipline and attitude of unions‟ office bearers with employers. Unions‟ efforts in these were measured from employers‟ satisfaction ranging on 5 point Likert scale from very unsatisfied to very satisfied. Satisfaction level in this research is 3.65 showing unions are successful.

]]> According to definition of labor unions, they have always been attributed with securing financial and non-financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been playing role beyond collective bargaining for state and employer in: increasing productivity or efficiency of workers and improving workplace peace and harmony, improving workers‟ discipline. This research work has been conducted on unions of ten Pakistani organization and their unions‟ office bearers and employers were interviewed. In this research article unions‟ efforts for protection of interest of employer have been estimated. Dependent variable for this estimation is satisfaction of employer and independent variables are increase of productivity or efficiency, improvement in workplace harmony, improvement of workers‟ discipline and attitude of unions‟ office bearers with employers. Unions‟ efforts in these were measured from employers‟ satisfaction ranging on 5 point Likert scale from very unsatisfied to very satisfied. Satisfaction level in this research is 3.65 showing unions are successful. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 4 No 3 September (2011) pp 56 - 71 Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Employers‟ Satisfaction Productivity 2011-09-14T23:20:50-09:00 4,September-2011 3 56 71 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=13 Symbolic Violence and Homosexuality: A Study in Brazilian Major Cities
Ana Paula Rodrigues Diniz, Renata Almeida Bicalho, Alexandre de Pádua Carrieri, Mariana Mayumi Pereira de Souza
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 01 - 22

In order to contribute to “enlighten” the dark side of organizations as an issue related to organizations studies, this article presents a research about bullying at homosexual men in Brazil. To this end, we performed a qualitative study in Brazilian major cities Aracaju, Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Vitoria, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. The method used was the story of life and to assess the corpus of interviews were employed some categories of the discourse analysis. Through the empirical analysis, it was observed that most recurring symbolic violence involved the homosexual depreciation.

]]> In order to contribute to “enlighten” the dark side of organizations as an issue related to organizations studies, this article presents a research about bullying at homosexual men in Brazil. To this end, we performed a qualitative study in Brazilian major cities Aracaju, Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Vitoria, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. The method used was the story of life and to assess the corpus of interviews were employed some categories of the discourse analysis. Through the empirical analysis, it was observed that most recurring symbolic violence involved the homosexual depreciation. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 01 - 22 Ana Paula Rodrigues Diniz, Renata Almeida Bicalho, Alexandre de Pádua Carrieri, Mariana Mayumi Pereira de Souza Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Symbolic violence Sexuality 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,October-2011 1 01 22 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=13 Impact of Training and Feedback on Employee Performance
Mubashar Farooq, Dr. Muhamamd Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 23 - 33

The purpose of this study is to elaborate the impact of Training and Feedback on increasing the performance of employees. The review of the literature conducted explains and highlights the role of effective training and feedback in improving the quality of task process which ultimately results in the improvement of performance of employees. An empirical study was conducted and data was collected through questionnaires to find the results. Findings of this study suggest arranging and adopting more effective training programs and techniques in order to give the progressive shape to the results achieved through this study.

]]> The purpose of this study is to elaborate the impact of Training and Feedback on increasing the performance of employees. The review of the literature conducted explains and highlights the role of effective training and feedback in improving the quality of task process which ultimately results in the improvement of performance of employees. An empirical study was conducted and data was collected through questionnaires to find the results. Findings of this study suggest arranging and adopting more effective training programs and techniques in order to give the progressive shape to the results achieved through this study. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 23 - 33 Mubashar Farooq, Dr. Muhamamd Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Training Employees performance 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,October-2011 1 23 33 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=13 Bearing capacity investigation of pin-ended composite columns with eccentricity loading using finite element simulation
Ahmed Abdulhaq, W.H. Wan Badaruzzaman
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 34 - 46

In this paper, a complete non-linear finite element model that could represent the behaviour of the composite columns tested under axial compression in the laboratory was developed. A numerical analyses study was presented based on experimental results for investigating the effects of introducing column head on the structural behaviour of 10 finite element models of fully encased composite columns with embedded I-beam. Effects of parameters such as length of composite columns and loading condition on the ultimate load capacity have been examined. It was observed that the whole section-loaded models shows greater load carrying capacity compared with the core loaded models due to the effect of column head implies that load condition has an influence on the behaviour and strength of the composite columns moreover, it is suggested that the finite element models were able to simulate various loading conditions, with very good accuracy.

]]> In this paper, a complete non-linear finite element model that could represent the behaviour of the composite columns tested under axial compression in the laboratory was developed. A numerical analyses study was presented based on experimental results for investigating the effects of introducing column head on the structural behaviour of 10 finite element models of fully encased composite columns with embedded I-beam. Effects of parameters such as length of composite columns and loading condition on the ultimate load capacity have been examined. It was observed that the whole section-loaded models shows greater load carrying capacity compared with the core loaded models due to the effect of column head implies that load condition has an influence on the behaviour and strength of the composite columns moreover, it is suggested that the finite element models were able to simulate various loading conditions, with very good accuracy. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 34 - 46 Ahmed Abdulhaq, W.H. Wan Badaruzzaman Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Composite column Bearing capacity 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,October-2011 1 34 46 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=13 An Empirical study of the relationship between motivation to transfer and transfer of training
Raja Mumtaz Hussain
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 47 - 56

Purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on relationship between motivation to training transfer and actual transfer of training on job. In this study we examined that how much motivation to training transfer contribute in successfully transferring to the work place, the knowledge, skill and abilities acquired during training. review highlighted transfer of training can be maximized through increasing motivation and enthusiasm in trainees to apply their knowledge and skill at their workplace. Data was collected from one of the top class universities of Pakistan, based in Islamabad. The targeted sample was non-teaching staff of university who has been receiving training relevant to their job. Impact of motivation to training transfer on training transfer was empirically examined and the study revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between two variables.

]]> Purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on relationship between motivation to training transfer and actual transfer of training on job. In this study we examined that how much motivation to training transfer contribute in successfully transferring to the work place, the knowledge, skill and abilities acquired during training. review highlighted transfer of training can be maximized through increasing motivation and enthusiasm in trainees to apply their knowledge and skill at their workplace. Data was collected from one of the top class universities of Pakistan, based in Islamabad. The targeted sample was non-teaching staff of university who has been receiving training relevant to their job. Impact of motivation to training transfer on training transfer was empirically examined and the study revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between two variables. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 47 - 56 Raja Mumtaz Hussain Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Transfer of Training Working Environment 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,October-2011 1 47 56 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=13 The role of Employer branding and Talent Management for Organizational Attractiveness
Babar Yaqub, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 57 - 65

Organizations all around the world always try to hire those people who can be an asset for the organization but it is important to know the efforts of these organizations to become employer of choice. Employer branding has a significant role for the hiring of human capital. This empirical study will investigate the role of employer branding and talent management for organizational attractiveness. The purpose of this study is to know about the perception of the university students about employer branding and different ways through which employers hire and manage the future talent. This study will also help to know about the importance of talent management and student‟s approach for the potential employer. The sample size of this research study consists of 100 respondents from three universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results of this study indicate the relationship of employer branding talent management for organizational attractiveness.

]]> Organizations all around the world always try to hire those people who can be an asset for the organization but it is important to know the efforts of these organizations to become employer of choice. Employer branding has a significant role for the hiring of human capital. This empirical study will investigate the role of employer branding and talent management for organizational attractiveness. The purpose of this study is to know about the perception of the university students about employer branding and different ways through which employers hire and manage the future talent. This study will also help to know about the importance of talent management and student‟s approach for the potential employer. The sample size of this research study consists of 100 respondents from three universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results of this study indicate the relationship of employer branding talent management for organizational attractiveness. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 1 October (2011) pp 57 - 65 Babar Yaqub, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Employer branding Talent management 2011-10-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,October-2011 1 57 65 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=14 Fear and Anxiety: effective managerial tools or harmful and jeopardizing factors?
Shimon Udovik
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 01 - 12

Organizational control and supervision are among the acute problems, with which managers are dealing. The main problem is to gain the subordinates obedience towards the managerial decisions, without provoking objections and disputes, which may jeopardize the organization and its stability. In time of crisis or sudden changes when everything depends on fast and accurate response to events, this issue becomes crucial and is capable to determine the survival of organization and its recovery chances. This article, which is a part of extensive empiric research, is an attempt to evaluate the possible advantages of fear as managerial tool. The assumption is, that fear can become an effective tool and provide the managers with ability to gain discipline and obedience, beside the improvement in organization performances.

]]> Organizational control and supervision are among the acute problems, with which managers are dealing. The main problem is to gain the subordinates obedience towards the managerial decisions, without provoking objections and disputes, which may jeopardize the organization and its stability. In time of crisis or sudden changes when everything depends on fast and accurate response to events, this issue becomes crucial and is capable to determine the survival of organization and its recovery chances. This article, which is a part of extensive empiric research, is an attempt to evaluate the possible advantages of fear as managerial tool. The assumption is, that fear can become an effective tool and provide the managers with ability to gain discipline and obedience, beside the improvement in organization performances. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 01 - 12 Shimon Udovik Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Performances Anxiety 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,November-2011 2 01 12 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=14 A study on consumer switching behaviour in cellular service provider
M. Sathish, K.J.Naveen, V.Jeevanantham
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 13 - 22

Indian mobile market is a fastest growing market and is forecasted to reach 868.47 million users by 2013. India has seen rapid increase in number of players which caused the tariff rates to hit an all time low. This allowed the players to target the low income population increasing the market share. The availability of number of subscriber options for consumers and varied tariff rates of each player, lead the consumers to switch the service providers. The objectives of the study are to find the factors that influence the consumers in switching the service provider and to know the likeliness of switching the service provider. The type of research used for this study is descriptive research design. The area covered under this study was Chennai due to availability of well mixed population base in Tamil Nadu.

]]> Indian mobile market is a fastest growing market and is forecasted to reach 868.47 million users by 2013. India has seen rapid increase in number of players which caused the tariff rates to hit an all time low. This allowed the players to target the low income population increasing the market share. The availability of number of subscriber options for consumers and varied tariff rates of each player, lead the consumers to switch the service providers. The objectives of the study are to find the factors that influence the consumers in switching the service provider and to know the likeliness of switching the service provider. The type of research used for this study is descriptive research design. The area covered under this study was Chennai due to availability of well mixed population base in Tamil Nadu. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 13 - 22 M. Sathish, K.J.Naveen, V.Jeevanantham Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Switching Behaviour Cellular service Provider 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,November-2011 2 13 22 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=14 Determinants of Public Sector Employee’s Performance in Pakistan
Imran Ali, Jawaria Fatima Ali, Dr Syed Hassan Raza
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 23 - 29

Public sector performance is focus of researchers since many years. The reason behind this is the difference of efficiency level between private and public sector organizations. The study investigates the determinants of public sector employee‟s performance for the case of Pakistan. Data has been collected from 350 pubic sector officials belonging to various ministries of government of Pakistan. Multiple regression analysis technique has been used to analyze data though SPSS 17.0 version.

]]> Public sector performance is focus of researchers since many years. The reason behind this is the difference of efficiency level between private and public sector organizations. The study investigates the determinants of public sector employee‟s performance for the case of Pakistan. Data has been collected from 350 pubic sector officials belonging to various ministries of government of Pakistan. Multiple regression analysis technique has been used to analyze data though SPSS 17.0 version. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 23 - 29 Imran Ali, Jawaria Fatima Ali, Dr Syed Hassan Raza Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Public sector Employee performance 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,November-2011 2 23 29 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=14 An enquiry into the mediatory role of employee engagement: Evidence from the hotel industry in Jordan
Dr. Padmakumar Ram, Dr. Gantasala V. Prabhakar
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 41 - 49

Engaging employees is one of the top five most important challenges for management, according to a survey of 656 chief executive officers (CEOs) from countries around the world (Wah 1999). Employee engagement has become a hot topic in recent years among consulting firms and in the popular business press. However, employee engagement has rarely been studied in the academic literature. In this study we investigated the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement in Jordanian Industry.

]]> Engaging employees is one of the top five most important challenges for management, according to a survey of 656 chief executive officers (CEOs) from countries around the world (Wah 1999). Employee engagement has become a hot topic in recent years among consulting firms and in the popular business press. However, employee engagement has rarely been studied in the academic literature. In this study we investigated the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement in Jordanian Industry. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 2 November (2011) pp 41 - 49 Dr. Padmakumar Ram, Dr. Gantasala V. Prabhakar Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Job Characteristics Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards 2011-11-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,November-2011 2 41 49 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=16 The Implementation of Learning Organization Elements and their Impact towards Organizational Performance amongst NPOs in Singapore
Hishamuddin bin Md.Som, Roland Yeow Theng Nam, Rashid Nordin, Mohd Na’eim Ajis, Mohamad Faisol Keling, Md. Shukri Shuib
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 01 - 50

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Learning Organization Elements (LOE) was implemented amongst non-profit human social service organizations in Singapore. Through a self-administered survey and in-depth interviews, organizational performances of 60 non-profit organizations NPOs were evaluated, whilst the extent to which the LOE were carried out within these NPOs were also discussed. Specifically, elements such as clarity of mission and vision, experimentation and intrinsic motivation, leadership commitment and empowerment, and organizational learning practices were deemed to be essential for NPOs in Singapore to be transformed into a learning organization. In addition, individual learning and team-problem solving and organizational learning practices were also mentioned by the interviewed respondents as important elements toward NPOs‟ performance. Implications of the study including the applications of those LOE together with a strategic dimension in order for NPOs to become learning organizations, as well as to achieve superior organizational performance were also highlighted.

]]> The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Learning Organization Elements (LOE) was implemented amongst non-profit human social service organizations in Singapore. Through a self-administered survey and in-depth interviews, organizational performances of 60 non-profit organizations NPOs were evaluated, whilst the extent to which the LOE were carried out within these NPOs were also discussed. Specifically, elements such as clarity of mission and vision, experimentation and intrinsic motivation, leadership commitment and empowerment, and organizational learning practices were deemed to be essential for NPOs in Singapore to be transformed into a learning organization. In addition, individual learning and team-problem solving and organizational learning practices were also mentioned by the interviewed respondents as important elements toward NPOs‟ performance. Implications of the study including the applications of those LOE together with a strategic dimension in order for NPOs to become learning organizations, as well as to achieve superior organizational performance were also highlighted. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 01 - 50 Hishamuddin bin Md.Som, Roland Yeow Theng Nam, Rashid Nordin, Mohd Na’eim Ajis, Mohamad Faisol Keling, Md. Shukri Shuib Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Organizational Learning Practices Learning Organization 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,December-2011 3 01 50 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=16 Fiscal deficit and its impact on inflation, Causality and Co-integration: The Experience of Pakistan (1960-2010)
Ammama, Dr. Khalid Mughal, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 51 - 62

The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of fiscal deficit on inflation. The fiscal deficit in Pakistan continues to deteriorate and pose risks for sustainability of growth in the longer time horizon. This paper reexamines the issue in the light of broader data and such modeling approach which incorporates the key features of the theory. The paper establishes that within sample, inflation in Pakistan is mainly attributed to unsustainable fiscal deficit. The question whether fiscal deficit generates inflation in long term prespective or otherwise, Cointegration and Granger-causality test are employed. Secondary data from 1960 to 2010 show a strong relationship between fiscal deficit and inflation. Growth in deficits, whether measured by amounts or by deficit-output ratios, positively Granger causes inflation. So this study concluded that fiscal deficit displayed a powerful effect on inflation in Pakistan and there is need of coordination between monetary and fiscal policy to curb the inflation. From Engel-Granger cointegration test there exist a long run relationship between BD [budget deficit] and CPI [consumer price index].

]]> The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of fiscal deficit on inflation. The fiscal deficit in Pakistan continues to deteriorate and pose risks for sustainability of growth in the longer time horizon. This paper reexamines the issue in the light of broader data and such modeling approach which incorporates the key features of the theory. The paper establishes that within sample, inflation in Pakistan is mainly attributed to unsustainable fiscal deficit. The question whether fiscal deficit generates inflation in long term prespective or otherwise, Cointegration and Granger-causality test are employed. Secondary data from 1960 to 2010 show a strong relationship between fiscal deficit and inflation. Growth in deficits, whether measured by amounts or by deficit-output ratios, positively Granger causes inflation. So this study concluded that fiscal deficit displayed a powerful effect on inflation in Pakistan and there is need of coordination between monetary and fiscal policy to curb the inflation. From Engel-Granger cointegration test there exist a long run relationship between BD [budget deficit] and CPI [consumer price index]. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 51 - 62 Ammama, Dr. Khalid Mughal, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Fiscal deficit Inflation 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,December-2011 3 51 62 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=16 Entrepreneurial orientation, executives individualism and Firm Performance: The moderating role of executives individualism
Ilhami Yucel
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 63 - 77

Some studies have found that firms have more entrepreneurial orientation (EO) performs better. Others have failed to find this positive relationship. This raises the problem of whether EO is always an appropriate strategic orientation or if its relationship with performance is more complex. This study examines how executive individualism impact the relationship between EO and firm performance within a sample of 218 US small and medium-sized firm (an SME). Executives individualism is used as the moderating variable for explaining the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to firm performance and, executives individualism plays a moderating role in this relationship. The results strongly support firms with an EO that have executives with high individualism will have higher performance than those that have executives with low individualism. The study suggests the EO–performance relationship is more complex than previous studies present.

]]> Some studies have found that firms have more entrepreneurial orientation (EO) performs better. Others have failed to find this positive relationship. This raises the problem of whether EO is always an appropriate strategic orientation or if its relationship with performance is more complex. This study examines how executive’ individualism impact the relationship between EO and firm performance within a sample of 218 US small and medium-sized firm (an SME). Executives’ individualism is used as the moderating variable for explaining the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to firm performance and, executives’ individualism plays a moderating role in this relationship. The results strongly support firms with an EO that have executives with high individualism will have higher performance than those that have executives with low individualism. The study suggests the EO–performance relationship is more complex than previous studies present. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 63 - 77 Ilhami Yucel Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Entrepreneurial Orientation Executive Personality Characteristics 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,December-2011 3 63 77 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=16 Giving priority to agricultural productions which are effective in economical development of Shahrood, Iran
Seyed Mohammad Shahroudi
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 78 - 84

Shahrood is one of the agricultural centers in Iran which has much potential in different agricultural sections (gardening, farming, stockbreeding and poultry, and fishery). Simon Contus and many of economists believe that agriculture can help the economical development process. This study aims to make priority and lateness of agricultural productions and determining share of every one in applying investment opportunities in agricultural section for economical development. Research model is AHP, based on which effective factors in agricultural development for economical development are determined, evaluated and are given priority by experts.

]]> Shahrood is one of the agricultural centers in Iran which has much potential in different agricultural sections (gardening, farming, stockbreeding and poultry, and fishery). Simon Contus and many of economists believe that agriculture can help the economical development process. This study aims to make priority and lateness of agricultural productions and determining share of every one in applying investment opportunities in agricultural section for economical development. Research model is AHP, based on which effective factors in agricultural development for economical development are determined, evaluated and are given priority by experts. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 78 - 84 Seyed Mohammad Shahroudi Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. AHP Agricultural Section 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,December-2011 3 78 84 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=16 Integrated concept of human resource development (Proposing new model for HRD)
Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 85 - 96

HRD is an important topic of present time. It is considered by management professionals as sub discipline of HRM, but many researchers have broadened the scope and integrated the concept of HRD by looking it from socioeconomic angle and giving it other dimensions such as physical, intellectual, psychological, social, political, moral and spiritual development. Physical, intellectual, psychological development depends on economic (financial) development and vice versa. Political and social development also depends on economic development. Thus HRD has now become multidimensional rather than being simply confined within the limits of training and development and this multidimensional HRD is Integrated HRD.

]]> HRD is an important topic of present time. It is considered by management professionals as sub discipline of HRM, but many researchers have broadened the scope and integrated the concept of HRD by looking it from socioeconomic angle and giving it other dimensions such as physical, intellectual, psychological, social, political, moral and spiritual development. Physical, intellectual, psychological development depends on economic (financial) development and vice versa. Political and social development also depends on economic development. Thus HRD has now become multidimensional rather than being simply confined within the limits of training and development and this multidimensional HRD is Integrated HRD. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 5 No 3 December (2011) pp 85 - 96 Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Human Resource Development Integrated HRD 2011-12-14T23:20:50-09:00 5,December-2011 3 85 96 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=17 Internationalization factors and entrepreneurial perception: Indication from Yemen SMES
Dr. Mohammad Awais Bhatti, Dr. Dileep Kumar. M.
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 01 - 21

Different economies use diverse strategies for sustainable economic growth. Developing and supporting SME‟S in any economy may be one of the sources to support the economic growth. It is understood that many external and internal factors influence the entrepreneur‟s satisfaction to engage them with internationalization of business. This research paper seeks to investigate the international factors which influence the entrepreneur‟s decision to engage them in internationalization.

]]> Different economies use diverse strategies for sustainable economic growth. Developing and supporting SME‟S in any economy may be one of the sources to support the economic growth. It is understood that many external and internal factors influence the entrepreneur‟s satisfaction to engage them with internationalization of business. This research paper seeks to investigate the international factors which influence the entrepreneur‟s decision to engage them in internationalization. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 01 - 21 Dr. Mohammad Awais Bhatti, Dr. Dileep Kumar. M. Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Yemen SME‟S Internationalization Factors 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 1 01 21 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=17 Social group buying pricing decisions
Oren Gil-Or, Prof. Gábor Rekettye
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 22 - 29

Social buying became an extremely popular phenomenon in the last year and this study examined the factors that can lead vendors to be successful using this trend. We’ve found that coupon’s category, coupon’s website and coupon’s prices have an effect on the number of coupons purchased, one of the success criteria of group buying. In the different coupons categories, restaurants and bars were more successful compared to other various products and services (excluding spas, self-care, fashion and food). Between the coupons sites, there are sites (the ones that are global, in this research) that are more successful than others. The 15-30 USD prices category was found to be more successful compared to the higher coupon prices.

]]> Social buying became an extremely popular phenomenon in the last year and this study examined the factors that can lead vendors to be successful using this trend. We’ve found that coupon’s category, coupon’s website and coupon’s prices have an effect on the number of coupons purchased, one of the success criteria of group buying. In the different coupons categories, restaurants and bars were more successful compared to other various products and services (excluding spas, self-care, fashion and food). Between the coupons sites, there are sites (the ones that are global, in this research) that are more successful than others. The 15-30 USD prices category was found to be more successful compared to the higher coupon prices. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 22 - 29 Oren Gil-Or, Prof. Gábor Rekettye Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Pricing Decision Group Buying 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 1 22 29 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=17 Role of Demographic Characteristics on Job Satisfaction
Muhamamd Mudasar Ghafoor
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 30 - 45

The cross-sectional study attempts to examine the relationship between Demographic Characteristics and job satisfaction among academic staff of public and private sectors universities in Pakistan. There were 132 universities in Pakistan, in which 73 public sectors and 59 from private sectors. This study was conducted in Punjab Province in which total number of universities was 40 which includes 22 public and 18 private sectors. This study considered all public and private sector universities which were working in Punjab Province of Pakistan. Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire by Weiss, et al., was adopted and few items added to measure demographic characteristics.

]]> The cross-sectional study attempts to examine the relationship between Demographic Characteristics and job satisfaction among academic staff of public and private sectors universities in Pakistan. There were 132 universities in Pakistan, in which 73 public sectors and 59 from private sectors. This study was conducted in Punjab Province in which total number of universities was 40 which includes 22 public and 18 private sectors. This study considered all public and private sector universities which were working in Punjab Province of Pakistan. Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire by Weiss, et al., was adopted and few items added to measure demographic characteristics. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 30 - 45 Muhamamd Mudasar Ghafoor Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Job Satisfaction Demographic Characteristics 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 1 30 45 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=17 How safety trainings decrease perceived job stress: the effects of improvement in employees attitude toward safety issues
Fariba Kiani, Hossien Samavtyan, Siamak Poorabdiyan, Effat Jafari
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 46 - 58

This article arises from a research project investigating the effectiveness of safety training on changing attitudes toward safety issues. Followed by the training intervention, was observed that employees job stress decreased. Employees showed less job stress on account of imposing this type of training. The researchers have come to the idea of investigating how safety training can reduce job stress. Yet much attention has not paid on the role of safety training versus job stress. A randomized experience - control study, based on questionnaires completed by 50 employees of an industrial Company in 2010 year, revealed that safety training had a significant effect on attitude toward safety issues and job stress. Mediation analysis also showed that the effects of safety training on the attitudes toward safety issues reduced the job stress. The current finding is important and leads to a potential intervention opportunity. Improving employees attitude toward safety issues by increasing quality of safety training courses, may contribute to decrease levels of perceived job stress.

]]> This article arises from a research project investigating the effectiveness of safety training on changing attitudes toward safety issues. Followed by the training intervention, was observed that employees job stress decreased. Employees showed less job stress on account of imposing this type of training. The researchers have come to the idea of investigating how safety training can reduce job stress. Yet much attention has not paid on the role of safety training versus job stress. A randomized experience - control study, based on questionnaires completed by 50 employees of an industrial Company in 2010 year, revealed that safety training had a significant effect on attitude toward safety issues and job stress. Mediation analysis also showed that the effects of safety training on the attitudes toward safety issues reduced the job stress. The current finding is important and leads to a potential intervention opportunity. Improving employees attitude toward safety issues by increasing quality of safety training courses, may contribute to decrease levels of perceived job stress. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 46 - 58 Fariba Kiani, Hossien Samavtyan, Siamak Poorabdiyan, Effat Jafari Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Safety Trainings Perceived Job Stress 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 1 46 58 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=17 Effects of employees training on the organizational competitive advantage: Empirical study of Private Sector of Islamabad, Pakistan
Abeeha Batool, Bariha Batool
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 59 - 72

Non Government Organizations existed in Pakistan are performing noble work with welfare and rehabilitation to less fortune people. These organizations are facing problem of staff turnover, due to lack of motivation and low employee‟s satisfaction level. These two factors could be addressed through extending opportunities of learning, developing and imparting on- hand training and workforce experience. Training and Development facets include learning experience, training quality and training design. The effect of employees training has been analyzed as to how it brings competitive advantage to an organization. Variables were analyzed through the results of various scholars on the subjects. Result reveals positive relations between training and development and competitive advantage. On the origin of these outcome, it have be recommended that trainer quality, training design and learning experience shall be accorded due consideration for deriving job satisfaction. Learning ability and education shall be given importance upon selection of employees. To improve training outcome, feedback from the employer shall be obtained and improvement are instituted.

]]> Non Government Organizations existed in Pakistan are performing noble work with welfare and rehabilitation to less fortune people. These organizations are facing problem of staff turnover, due to lack of motivation and low employee‟s satisfaction level. These two factors could be addressed through extending opportunities of learning, developing and imparting on- hand training and workforce experience. Training and Development facets include learning experience, training quality and training design. The effect of employees training has been analyzed as to how it brings competitive advantage to an organization. Variables were analyzed through the results of various scholars on the subjects. Result reveals positive relations between training and development and competitive advantage. On the origin of these outcome, it have be recommended that trainer quality, training design and learning experience shall be accorded due consideration for deriving job satisfaction. Learning ability and education shall be given importance upon selection of employees. To improve training outcome, feedback from the employer shall be obtained and improvement are instituted. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 1 January (2012) pp 59 - 72 Abeeha Batool, Bariha Batool Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Employee training Competitive advantage 2012-01-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 1 59 72 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=18 INTERNAL CUSTOMER JOB SATISFACTION AND ROLE OF TQM PRACTICES
Dr. Aamir Ijaz, Dr. Kee, D.M.H, S. M. Irfan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 February (2012) pp 1 - 14

In Pakistan, industry both in manufacturing and industrial sector is facing a number of internal as well as external challenges to sustain and maintain their survival. Quality is the only way that enables them to face these challenges by utilizing the available talent to gain the competitive edge. This study aims to investigate the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices and internal customer (employees) satisfaction at workplace. TQM focuses on delivering quality and innovative product or services at the lowest cost first time and every time to their external customers (directly affected by companys products) but it cannot be achieved without the satisfaction of internal customers’ means employees of the organization. Five most common and basic TQM practices were selected from the available literature; Leadership role, training and education, empowerment, reward and recognition, employees involvement and cooperation and teamwork for this study. Only ISO implemented service and manufacturing organizations were selected for this study. The questionnaire includes 23 items representing six construct that includes five constructs representing TQM practices and one construct representing internal customer satisfaction. The study sample of this study was comprised of 243 respondents working at officer, managerial and supervisor level positions. Data was analyzed using the most advanced data analysis tools; structural equation modeling (AMOS 16.0) and SPSS 16.0. Results of this study provide a strong relationship among TQM practices and internal customer satisfaction.

]]> In Pakistan, industry both in manufacturing and industrial sector is facing a number of internal as well as external challenges to sustain and maintain their survival. Quality is the only way that enables them to face these challenges by utilizing the available talent to gain the competitive edge. This study aims to investigate the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices and internal customer (employees) satisfaction at workplace. TQM focuses on delivering quality and innovative product or services at the lowest cost first time and every time to their external customers (directly affected by company’s products) but it cannot be achieved without the satisfaction of internal customers means employees of the organization. Five most common and basic TQM practices were selected from the available literature; Leadership role, training and education, empowerment, reward and recognition, employees involvement and cooperation and teamwork for this study. Only ISO implemented service and manufacturing organizations were selected for this study. The questionnaire includes 23 items representing six construct that includes five constructs representing TQM practices and one construct representing internal customer satisfaction. The study sample of this study was comprised of 243 respondents working at officer, managerial and supervisor level positions. Data was analyzed using the most advanced data analysis tools; structural equation modeling (AMOS 16.0) and SPSS 16.0. Results of this study provide a strong relationship among TQM practices and internal customer satisfaction. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 January (2012) pp 1 - 14 Dr. Aamir Ijaz, Dr. Kee, D.M.H, S. M. Irfan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. TQM Practices Internal Customer Satisfaction 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 2 1 14 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=18 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – AN IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR BUSINESS
Dr. B. Revathy
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 February (2012) pp 15 - 31

One of humankind’s greatest challenges this century is to ensure sustainable, just and balanced development. The needs of current and future generations cannot be met unless there is respect for natural systems and international standards protecting core social and environmental values. In this context, it is increasingly recognized that the role of the business sector is critical. As a part of society, it is in business’ interest to contribute to addressing common problems. Strategically speaking, business can only flourish when the communities and ecosystems in which they operate are healthy.

]]> One of humankind’s greatest challenges this century is to ensure sustainable, just and balanced development. The needs of current and future generations cannot be met unless there is respect for natural systems and international standards protecting core social and environmental values. In this context, it is increasingly recognized that the role of the business sector is critical. As a part of society, it is in business’ interest to contribute to addressing common problems. Strategically speaking, business can only flourish when the communities and ecosystems in which they operate are healthy. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 January (2012) pp 15 - 31 Dr. B. Revathy Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. corporate accountability corporate conscience 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 2 15 31 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=18 EFFECT OF MARKETING STRATEGY ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY BAJAPUIK SAVINGS AT PT. BPR BEROK GUNUNG PANGILUN PADANG
Dr. Heryanto
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 February (2012) pp 32 - 57

This study attempts to look into and see if the marketing strategy of product, price, location and upon promotion will affect customer loyalty bajapuik savings on PT.BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. This study uses primary data, where the object under study here is PT. BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. Total sample was 100 people taken from the 5750 population of people who gathered from 3 cash offices and 1 center office at PT. BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. The approach used to test the hypothesis of this study is multiple regression analysis, t-test f-test and anova. From the results showed that a significant difference between variables Marketing Strategies with Customer Loyalty.

]]> This study attempts to look into and see if the marketing strategy of product, price, location and upon promotion will affect customer loyalty bajapuik savings on PT.BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. This study uses primary data, where the object under study here is PT. BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. Total sample was 100 people taken from the 5750 population of people who gathered from 3 cash offices and 1 center office at PT. BPR Berok Gunung Pangilun Padang. The approach used to test the hypothesis of this study is multiple regression analysis, t-test f-test and anova. From the results showed that a significant difference between variables Marketing Strategies with Customer Loyalty. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 January (2012) pp 32 - 57 Dr. Heryanto Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Strategy Marketing 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 2 32 57 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=18 BRIBERY CHALLENGES AND BUSINESS ETHICS IN AFGHANISTAN
Professor Bahaudin G. Mujtaba
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 February (2012) pp 58 - 76

A market-oriented business environment can create opportunities for efficiency as well as various forms of corruption such as acceptance and tolerance of bribery, especially when the government is not well established to enforce fair rules and policies. Various media outlets regularly cover cases of bribery in Afghanistan but not necessarily other forms of corruption. As such, most Afghans seem to have a good understanding of the negative consequences associated with bribery, yet seem to be more tolerant of other questionable practices. This study assessed respondents’ level of tolerance for questionable practices to determine their level of ethical maturity. The research question is whether Afghan respondents have higher or lower tolerance for bribery practices compared to other less blatant unethical dilemmas. The Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) surveys were given to Afghans either face-to-face or electronically through email. The responses were totaled for analysis and a t-test of the means for relevant dilemmas. This results from 313 Afghans show that these respondents had less tolerance for bribery than other corrupt practices. English-speaking Afghans living in Afghanistan and abroad were surveyed as they were accessible. So the results may not be generalizable. Aligned with the moral development theory, as demonstrated by the high level of disapproval for bribery, awareness and experience can be a factor in ethical maturity. Implications and suggestions for human development are provided. Besides the author’s findings, no other specific empirical study was found in the literature using these ethical dilemmas with Afghans.

]]> A market-oriented business environment can create opportunities for efficiency as well as various forms of corruption such as acceptance and tolerance of bribery, especially when the government is not well established to enforce fair rules and policies. Various media outlets regularly cover cases of bribery in Afghanistan but not necessarily other forms of corruption. As such, most Afghans seem to have a good understanding of the negative consequences associated with bribery, yet seem to be more tolerant of other questionable practices. This study assessed respondents’ level of tolerance for questionable practices to determine their level of ethical maturity. The research question is whether Afghan respondents have higher or lower tolerance for bribery practices compared to other less blatant unethical dilemmas. The Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) surveys were given to Afghans either face-to-face or electronically through email. The responses were totaled for analysis and a t-test of the means for relevant dilemmas. This results from 313 Afghans show that these respondents had less tolerance for bribery than other corrupt practices. English-speaking Afghans living in Afghanistan and abroad were surveyed as they were accessible. So the results may not be generalizable. Aligned with the moral development theory, as demonstrated by the high level of disapproval for bribery, awareness and experience can be a factor in ethical maturity. Implications and suggestions for human development are provided. Besides the author’s findings, no other specific empirical study was found in the literature using these ethical dilemmas with Afghans. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 January (2012) pp 58 - 76 Professor Bahaudin G. Mujtaba Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. TQM Practices Internal Customer Satisfaction 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 2 58 76 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=18 THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE REPORTING ON PUBLIC CONFIDENCE; EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM QUOTED COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
Dr. Clifford Ofurum Obiyo, Onuoha Tereser Ezenwa
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 February (2012) pp 77 - 85

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Corporate Reporting Practices (CRP) on Public Confidence (PC) in the Nigerian quoted firms. We relied on the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) reports to source for our data from all quoted companies registered with it that cut across the country, though most of them have their corporate headquarters in Lagos. Our sample size of 389 was arrived at based on the group of elements selected from the 76 quoted firms we studied. The instruments used for data collection were the research questionnaire for quantitative data, in-depth interview and observations. These findings were arrived at from the analyses of generated data. Corporate Governance was observed to have strong and significant relationship with Investment Decisions and Stock Market Stability, but weak and positive relationship with Economic Growth. We discovered that Audit Reports have strong, positive and significant effects on Public Confidence. This was translated through the measures of Public Confidence. Despite the positive effect of Social and Environmental Issues on Public Confidence, generally, there was a very weak though positive effect of Social and Environmental Issues and Stock Market Stability. The results further proved that Technology has greater positive and significant mediation on CRP-PC relationships than legal framework. Conclusively, CRP of firms has significant influence on public confidence as regards investment decision, stock market stability and economic growth.

]]> The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Corporate Reporting Practices (CRP) on Public Confidence (PC) in the Nigerian quoted firms. We relied on the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) reports to source for our data from all quoted companies registered with it that cut across the country, though most of them have their corporate headquarters in Lagos. Our sample size of 389 was arrived at based on the group of elements selected from the 76 quoted firms we studied. The instruments used for data collection were the research questionnaire for quantitative data, in-depth interview and observations. These findings were arrived at from the analyses of generated data. Corporate Governance was observed to have strong and significant relationship with Investment Decisions and Stock Market Stability, but weak and positive relationship with Economic Growth. We discovered that Audit Reports have strong, positive and significant effects on Public Confidence. This was translated through the measures of Public Confidence. Despite the positive effect of Social and Environmental Issues on Public Confidence, generally, there was a very weak though positive effect of Social and Environmental Issues and Stock Market Stability. The results further proved that Technology has greater positive and significant mediation on CRP-PC relationships than legal framework. Conclusively, CRP of firms has significant influence on public confidence as regards investment decision, stock market stability and economic growth. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 2 January (2012) pp 77 - 85 Dr. Clifford Ofurum Obiyo, Onuoha Tereser Ezenwa Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Corporate Reporting Practices (CRP) Public Confidence (PC) 2012-02-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,January-2012 2 77 85 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=19 RELATIONSHIP OF EXPORT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH; AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN
Muhammad Usman, Saliha Ashfaq, Nabeela Mushtaq
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 1 - 10

Pakistan has been facing the phenomenon of disturbed economy and unequal distribution of income. Export sector is not being given the required importance in most of countries. It requires attention toward outward oriented policies and international markets. This research aims at studying the impact of export on the economy. The relationship of export and economic growths for Pakistan is the major point. Independent variables in the study include Export, Inflation and Real Exchange Rate. Ordinary Least Square has been used for empirical analysis of relationship of export and economic growth for 30 years (1980-2009). Results shows that there is strongly positive and significant effect of export, Inflation and Real exchange rate on economic growth. These results are acceptable because inflation and Real exchange rate have mixed effect on Economic Growth. Research is limited up to some years. Different products of export can be studied and a research of export on the basis of tariff and non-tariff goods is also a way to enhance the research of export-led economic growth hypothesis. This research gives policy makers an approach to map out the future policy standards for boosting exports in order to avail the opportunity of economic growth. This study is in accordance with Rubina Vohra (2010).she explains that the relationship of export and economic growth is significant and positive. Economic growth is the combination of different progressive areas but each area should be given equal importance in order to achieve the target as a whole. Export has not been given required attention in Pakistan economy. Different techniques should be adopted to attain ideal picture of economy in worldwide competition.

]]> Pakistan has been facing the phenomenon of disturbed economy and unequal distribution of income. Export sector is not being given the required importance in most of countries. It requires attention toward outward oriented policies and international markets. This research aims at studying the impact of export on the economy. The relationship of export and economic growths for Pakistan is the major point. Independent variables in the study include Export, Inflation and Real Exchange Rate. Ordinary Least Square has been used for empirical analysis of relationship of export and economic growth for 30 years (1980-2009). Results shows that there is strongly positive and significant effect of export, Inflation and Real exchange rate on economic growth. These results are acceptable because inflation and Real exchange rate have mixed effect on Economic Growth. Research is limited up to some years. Different products of export can be studied and a research of export on the basis of tariff and non-tariff goods is also a way to enhance the research of export-led economic growth hypothesis. This research gives policy makers an approach to map out the future policy standards for boosting exports in order to avail the opportunity of economic growth. This study is in accordance with Rubina Vohra (2010).she explains that the relationship of export and economic growth is significant and positive. Economic growth is the combination of different progressive areas but each area should be given equal importance in order to achieve the target as a whole. Export has not been given required attention in Pakistan economy. Different techniques should be adopted to attain ideal picture of economy in worldwide competition. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 1 - 10 Muhammad Usman, Saliha Ashfaq, Nabeela Mushtaq Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Export Economic growth 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,March-2012 3 1 10 2012-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=19 A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTIPLE AND SINGLE CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT ON CONSIDERABLE PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENTS IN CHENNAI PERCEPTIVE, INDIA
A. Pughazhendi, Dr. K. Antony Baskaran, M. R. Prakash, R. N. Balamurugan
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 11 - 18

The instrument of celebrity endorsement has nowadays become a pervasive element in advertising and communication management. The advertisers see this as an opportunity to grab and work on so as to expand their operations and promote their product. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptual difference of consumer towards single celebrity endorsement and multiple celebrity endorsement more than one celebrity in a single advertisement for high and low involvement products and services. Questionnaires were administered on a sample of three hundred university students to assess the impact of multiple and single celebrities’ endorsement with respect to High and low involvement products. Four print media advertisements, two advertisements, one multiple and one single celebrities are taken from low involvement products and two advertisements, one single and one multiple celebrities advertisements were taken from high involvement products. The results showed that the attitudes toward advertisements, attitude toward brand and purchase intentions are more positive for multiple celebrities ad which belong to low involvement category while for high involvement product category attitude toward advertisements, attitude toward brand and purchase intention showed no significant difference for multiple and single celebrity advertisements.

]]> The instrument of celebrity endorsement has nowadays become a pervasive element in advertising and communication management. The advertisers see this as an opportunity to grab and work on so as to expand their operations and promote their product. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptual difference of consumer towards single celebrity endorsement and multiple celebrity endorsement more than one celebrity in a single advertisement for high and low involvement products and services. Questionnaires were administered on a sample of three hundred university students to assess the impact of multiple and single celebrities’ endorsement with respect to High and low involvement products. Four print media advertisements, two advertisements, one multiple and one single celebrities are taken from low involvement products and two advertisements, one single and one multiple celebrities advertisements were taken from high involvement products. The results showed that the attitudes toward advertisements, attitude toward brand and purchase intentions are more positive for multiple celebrities ad which belong to low involvement category while for high involvement product category attitude toward advertisements, attitude toward brand and purchase intention showed no significant difference for multiple and single celebrity advertisements. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 11 - 18 A. Pughazhendi, Dr. K. Antony Baskaran, M. R. Prakash, R. N. Balamurugan Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Multiple and single celebrity endorsement Attitute towards advertisement 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,March-2012 3 11 18 2012-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=19 INDO- CHINA: THE PROSPECTIVE ECONOMIC REGION
Dr. Asiya Chaudhary, Sabiha Khatoon
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 19 - 35

The segmentation of global manufacturing and services provided China and subsequently India with a golden opportunity to make full use of their absolute advantage – low cost yet educated labour-to integrate into the world economy within a comparatively shorter period of time than some earlier industrialists. Though international trade functions as a vent of surplus in view of the narrowness of their domestic market at the beginning of their economic catch-up, the label of export-led model may not reflect the real picture as imports underwent dramatic increase during their respective growth periods, in particular for China. Foreign Direct Investment has played a vital role in their economic growth and has major presence in international trade and investment in leading sector of both the countries, giving rise to certain special features and weak links for their economic expansion and sustainability of fast economic growth. To maintain more broad-based, fast and balanced growth, it seems that both countries have to redress sectorial imbalance, encourage technology up gradation and cope with future changes in demographic profiles which constituted a trigger to fast economic growth at the time of their respective economic reform.

]]> The segmentation of global manufacturing and services provided China and subsequently India with a golden opportunity to make full use of their absolute advantage – low cost yet educated labour-to integrate into the world economy within a comparatively shorter period of time than some earlier industrialists. Though international trade functions as a vent of surplus in view of the narrowness of their domestic market at the beginning of their economic catch-up, the label of export-led model may not reflect the real picture as imports underwent dramatic increase during their respective growth periods, in particular for China. Foreign Direct Investment has played a vital role in their economic growth and has major presence in international trade and investment in leading sector of both the countries, giving rise to certain special features and weak links for their economic expansion and sustainability of fast economic growth. To maintain more broad-based, fast and balanced growth, it seems that both countries have to redress sectorial imbalance, encourage technology up gradation and cope with future changes in demographic profiles which constituted a trigger to fast economic growth at the time of their respective economic reform. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 19 - 35 Dr. Asiya Chaudhary, Sabiha Khatoon Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Economies of India and China Trade, FDI, GDP of India and China, Increasing synergies 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,March-2012 3 19 35 2012-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=19 IMPACT OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN THE BANKING SECTOR
Mukhiddin Jumaev, Prof. Dr. Dileep Kumar. M., Jalal R. M. Hanaysha
Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 36 - 55

The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of customer loyalty in banking sector. The customer loyalty in banking has seen a major concern to practitioners due to severe competition and higher customer expectations. Further to that, one way to enhance customer loyalty in banking is by focusing on offering excellent services and meeting the needs of customer. Banks need to have a good understanding of their customer behaviour so that appropriate marketing strategies directed towards relationship building and customer retention can be developed. The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationships of several antecedents of customer loyalty in the context of retail banking in Northern Malaysia. Thus, it will review the marketing literature on the experience of customer loyalty ie., customer satisfaction, commitment, trust, perceived service quality and perceived value. Next, we present the research framework, methods, measures and findings and conclusion. Finally, the results were discussed in terms of its contribution to the upgrading of banking services and recommendations for future research.

]]> The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of customer loyalty in banking sector. The customer loyalty in banking has seen a major concern to practitioners due to severe competition and higher customer expectations. Further to that, one way to enhance customer loyalty in banking is by focusing on offering excellent services and meeting the needs of customer. Banks need to have a good understanding of their customer behaviour so that appropriate marketing strategies directed towards relationship building and customer retention can be developed. The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationships of several antecedents of customer loyalty in the context of retail banking in Northern Malaysia. Thus, it will review the marketing literature on the experience of customer loyalty ie., customer satisfaction, commitment, trust, perceived service quality and perceived value. Next, we present the research framework, methods, measures and findings and conclusion. Finally, the results were discussed in terms of its contribution to the upgrading of banking services and recommendations for future research. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 36 - 55 Mukhiddin Jumaev, Prof. Dr. Dileep Kumar. M., Jalal R. M. Hanaysha Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Customer satisfaction Customer Commitment 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,March-2012 3 36 55 2012-04-14T23:20:50-09:00 http://www.fareastjournals.com/archive_detail.aspx?jid=18amp;aid=19 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND CIVIL SERVICES REFORMS IN PAKISTAN: A STUDY OF PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS
Rehman Safdar
Research interest in the area of performance measurement (PM) in public sector organizations is increasing. The main purpose of the paper is to explore the research interest in the area of performance measurement (PM) in the public sector organizations. Recently, literature on this topic recognized the relevant critique of public sector organizations pivoting around its view of managers and organizations as primarily passive adaptors to change. This paper also explores how the public sector organizations associated with recent reforms in the Civil services sector impinge on the extent of pro-active choice exercised by senior management in the development of multidimensional Performance Measurement reflecting the interests of a wider range of the organizations. The sample for this research was drawn from the public sector organizations regulating telecommunication, power, oil and gas, media and corporate, capital and banking sectors of Pakistan and some of the organizations being controlled by these regulators. Fifteen (15) organizations were selected for the research. The platform which helped to choose the sectors and the organizations was the data taken from Pakistan Public Administration Research Centre, Establishment Division, Annual Statistical Bulletin of Autonomous Bodies Employees and website of these organizations.

]]> Research interest in the area of performance measurement (PM) in public sector organizations is increasing. The main purpose of the paper is to explore the research interest in the area of performance measurement (PM) in the public sector organizations. Recently, literature on this topic recognized the relevant critique of public sector organizations pivoting around its view of managers and organizations as primarily passive adaptors to change. This paper also explores how the public sector organizations associated with recent reforms in the Civil services sector impinge on the extent of pro-active choice exercised by senior management in the development of multidimensional Performance Measurement reflecting the interests of a wider range of the organizations. The sample for this research was drawn from the public sector organizations regulating telecommunication, power, oil and gas, media and corporate, capital and banking sectors of Pakistan and some of the organizations being controlled by these regulators. Fifteen (15) organizations were selected for the research. The platform which helped to choose the sectors and the organizations was the data taken from Pakistan Public Administration Research Centre, Establishment Division, Annual Statistical Bulletin of Autonomous Bodies Employees and website of these organizations. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 6 No 3 March (2012) pp 56 - 68 Rehman Safdar Director, Far East Research Centre,1/F, Unit No. 10 F, Sheung Che Tsuen, Pat Heung, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Job performance performance measurement 2012-03-14T23:20:50-09:00 6,March-2012 3 56 68 2012-04-14T23:20:50-09:00